TLR9 and beclin 1 crosstalk regulates muscle AMPK activation in exercise

Yang Liu (), Phong T. Nguyen, Xun Wang, Yuting Zhao, Corbin E. Meacham, Zhongju Zou, Bogdan Bordieanu, Manuel Johanns, Didier Vertommen, Tobias Wijshake, Herman May, Guanghua Xiao, Sanae Shoji-Kawata, Mark H. Rider, Sean J. Morrison, Prashant Mishra and Beth Levine ()
Additional contact information
Yang Liu: University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center
Phong T. Nguyen: University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center
Xun Wang: University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center
Yuting Zhao: University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center
Corbin E. Meacham: University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center
Zhongju Zou: University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center
Bogdan Bordieanu: University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center
Manuel Johanns: Université Catholique de Louvain
Didier Vertommen: Université Catholique de Louvain
Tobias Wijshake: University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center
Herman May: University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center
Guanghua Xiao: University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center
Sanae Shoji-Kawata: University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center
Mark H. Rider: Université Catholique de Louvain
Sean J. Morrison: University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center
Prashant Mishra: University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center
Beth Levine: University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center

Nature, 2020, vol. 578, issue 7796, 605-609

Abstract: Abstract The activation of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in skeletal muscle coordinates systemic metabolic responses to exercise1. Autophagy—a lysosomal degradation pathway that maintains cellular homeostasis2—is upregulated during exercise, and a core autophagy protein, beclin 1, is required for AMPK activation in skeletal muscle3. Here we describe a role for the innate immune-sensing molecule Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9)4, and its interaction with beclin 1, in exercise-induced activation of AMPK in skeletal muscle. Mice that lack TLR9 are deficient in both exercise-induced activation of AMPK and plasma membrane localization of the GLUT4 glucose transporter in skeletal muscle, but are not deficient in autophagy. TLR9 binds beclin 1, and this interaction is increased by energy stress (glucose starvation and endurance exercise) and decreased by a BCL2 mutation3,5 that blocks the disruption of BCL2–beclin 1 binding. TLR9 regulates the assembly of the endolysosomal phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase complex (PI3KC3-C2)—which contains beclin 1 and UVRAG—in skeletal muscle during exercise, and knockout of beclin 1 or UVRAG inhibits the cellular AMPK activation induced by glucose starvation. Moreover, TLR9 functions in a muscle-autonomous fashion in ex vivo contraction-induced AMPK activation, glucose uptake and beclin 1–UVRAG complex assembly. These findings reveal a heretofore undescribed role for a Toll-like receptor in skeletal-muscle AMPK activation and glucose metabolism during exercise, as well as unexpected crosstalk between this innate immune sensor and autophagy proteins.

Date: 2020
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DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-1992-7

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