Liquid-induced topological transformations of cellular microstructures

Shucong Li, Bolei Deng, Alison Grinthal, Alyssha Schneider-Yamamura, Jinliang Kang, Reese S. Martens, Cathy T. Zhang, Jian Li, Siqin Yu, Katia Bertoldi and Joanna Aizenberg ()
Additional contact information
Shucong Li: Harvard University
Bolei Deng: Harvard University
Alison Grinthal: Harvard University
Alyssha Schneider-Yamamura: Harvard University
Jinliang Kang: Harvard University
Reese S. Martens: Harvard University
Cathy T. Zhang: Harvard University
Jian Li: Harvard University
Siqin Yu: Harvard University
Katia Bertoldi: Harvard University
Joanna Aizenberg: Harvard University

Nature, 2021, vol. 592, issue 7854, 386-391

Abstract: Abstract The fundamental topology of cellular structures—the location, number and connectivity of nodes and compartments—can profoundly affect their acoustic1–4, electrical5, chemical6,7, mechanical8–10 and optical11 properties, as well as heat1,12, fluid13,14 and particle transport15. Approaches that harness swelling16–18, electromagnetic actuation19,20 and mechanical instabilities21–23 in cellular materials have enabled a variety of interesting wall deformations and compartment shape alterations, but the resulting structures generally preserve the defining connectivity features of the initial topology. Achieving topological transformation presents a distinct challenge for existing strategies: it requires complex reorganization, repacking, and coordinated bending, stretching and folding, particularly around each node, where elastic resistance is highest owing to connectivity. Here we introduce a two-tiered dynamic strategy that achieves systematic reversible transformations of the fundamental topology of cellular microstructures, which can be applied to a wide range of materials and geometries. Our approach requires only exposing the structure to a selected liquid that is able to first infiltrate and plasticize the material at the molecular scale, and then, upon evaporation, form a network of localized capillary forces at the architectural scale that ‘zip’ the edges of the softened lattice into a new topological structure, which subsequently restiffens and remains kinetically trapped. Reversibility is induced by applying a mixture of liquids that act separately at the molecular and architectural scales (thus offering modular temporal control over the softening–evaporation–stiffening sequence) to restore the original topology or provide access to intermediate modes. Guided by a generalized theoretical model that connects cellular geometries, material stiffness and capillary forces, we demonstrate programmed reversible topological transformations of various lattice geometries and responsive materials that undergo fast global or localized deformations. We then harness dynamic topologies to develop active surfaces with information encryption, selective particle trapping and bubble release, as well as tunable mechanical, chemical and acoustic properties.

Date: 2021
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DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03404-7

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