Measuring the knot of non-Hermitian degeneracies and non-commuting braids

Yogesh S. S. Patil (), Judith Höller, Parker A. Henry, Chitres Guria, Yiming Zhang, Luyao Jiang, Nenad Kralj, Nicholas Read and Jack G. E. Harris ()
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Yogesh S. S. Patil: Yale University
Judith Höller: Yale University
Parker A. Henry: Yale University
Chitres Guria: Yale University
Yiming Zhang: Yale University
Luyao Jiang: Yale University
Nenad Kralj: Yale University
Nicholas Read: Yale University
Jack G. E. Harris: Yale University

Nature, 2022, vol. 607, issue 7918, 271-275

Abstract: Abstract Any system of coupled oscillators may be characterized by its spectrum of resonance frequencies (or eigenfrequencies), which can be tuned by varying the system’s parameters. The relationship between control parameters and the eigenfrequency spectrum is central to a range of applications1–3. However, fundamental aspects of this relationship remain poorly understood. For example, if the controls are varied along a path that returns to its starting point (that is, around a ‘loop’), the system’s spectrum must return to itself. In systems that are Hermitian (that is, lossless and reciprocal), this process is trivial and each resonance frequency returns to its original value. However, in non-Hermitian systems, where the eigenfrequencies are complex, the spectrum may return to itself in a topologically non-trivial manner, a phenomenon known as spectral flow. The spectral flow is determined by how the control loop encircles degeneracies, and this relationship is well understood for $$N=2$$ N = 2 (where $$N$$ N is the number of oscillators in the system)4,5. Here we extend this description to arbitrary $$N$$ N . We show that control loops generically produce braids of eigenfrequencies, and for $$N > 2$$ N > 2 these braids form a non-Abelian group that reflects the non-trivial geometry of the space of degeneracies. We demonstrate these features experimentally for $$N=3$$ N = 3 using a cavity optomechanical system.

Date: 2022
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DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04796-w

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