A mechanically strong and ductile soft magnet with extremely low coercivity

Liuliu Han, Fernando Maccari, Isnaldi R. Souza Filho, Nicolas J. Peter, Ye Wei, Baptiste Gault, Oliver Gutfleisch, Zhiming Li () and Dierk Raabe ()
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Liuliu Han: Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung
Fernando Maccari: Technical University of Darmstadt
Isnaldi R. Souza Filho: Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung
Nicolas J. Peter: Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung
Ye Wei: Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung
Baptiste Gault: Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung
Oliver Gutfleisch: Technical University of Darmstadt
Zhiming Li: Central South University
Dierk Raabe: Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung

Nature, 2022, vol. 608, issue 7922, 310-316

Abstract: Abstract Soft magnetic materials (SMMs) serve in electrical applications and sustainable energy supply, allowing magnetic flux variation in response to changes in applied magnetic field, at low energy loss1. The electrification of transport, households and manufacturing leads to an increase in energy consumption owing to hysteresis losses2. Therefore, minimizing coercivity, which scales these losses, is crucial3. Yet meeting this target alone is not enough: SMMs in electrical engines must withstand severe mechanical loads; that is, the alloys need high strength and ductility4. This is a fundamental design challenge, as most methods that enhance strength introduce stress fields that can pin magnetic domains, thus increasing coercivity and hysteresis losses5. Here we introduce an approach to overcome this dilemma. We have designed a Fe–Co–Ni–Ta–Al multicomponent alloy (MCA) with ferromagnetic matrix and paramagnetic coherent nanoparticles (about 91 nm in size and around 55% volume fraction). They impede dislocation motion, enhancing strength and ductility. Their small size, low coherency stress and small magnetostatic energy create an interaction volume below the magnetic domain wall width, leading to minimal domain wall pinning, thus maintaining the soft magnetic properties. The alloy has a tensile strength of 1,336 MPa at 54% tensile elongation, extremely low coercivity of 78 A m−1 (less than 1 Oe), moderate saturation magnetization of 100 A m2 kg−1 and high electrical resistivity of 103 μΩ cm.

Date: 2022
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DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04935-3

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