Palaeogenomics of Upper Palaeolithic to Neolithic European hunter-gatherers

Cosimo Posth (), He Yu (), Ayshin Ghalichi, Hélène Rougier, Isabelle Crevecoeur, Yilei Huang, Harald Ringbauer, Adam B. Rohrlach, Kathrin Nägele, Vanessa Villalba-Mouco, Rita Radzeviciute, Tiago Ferraz, Alexander Stoessel, Rezeda Tukhbatova, Dorothée G. Drucker, Martina Lari, Alessandra Modi, Stefania Vai, Tina Saupe, Christiana L. Scheib, Giulio Catalano, Luca Pagani, Sahra Talamo, Helen Fewlass, Laurent Klaric, André Morala, Mathieu Rué, Stéphane Madelaine, Laurent Crépin, Jean-Baptiste Caverne, Emmy Bocaege, Stefano Ricci, Francesco Boschin, Priscilla Bayle, Bruno Maureille, Foni Brun-Ricalens, Jean-Guillaume Bordes, Gregorio Oxilia, Eugenio Bortolini, Olivier Bignon-Lau, Grégory Debout, Michel Orliac, Antoine Zazzo, Vitale Sparacello, Elisabetta Starnini, Luca Sineo, Johannes Plicht, Laure Pecqueur, Gildas Merceron, Géraldine Garcia, Jean-Michel Leuvrey, Coralie Bay Garcia, Asier Gómez-Olivencia, Marta Połtowicz-Bobak, Dariusz Bobak, Mona Luyer, Paul Storm, Claudia Hoffmann, Jacek Kabaciński, Tatiana Filimonova, Svetlana Shnaider, Natalia Berezina, Borja González-Rabanal, Manuel R. González Morales, Ana B. Marín-Arroyo, Belén López, Carmen Alonso-Llamazares, Annamaria Ronchitelli, Caroline Polet, Ivan Jadin, Nicolas Cauwe, Joaquim Soler, Neus Coromina, Isaac Rufí, Richard Cottiaux, Geoffrey Clark, Lawrence G. Straus, Marie-Anne Julien, Silvia Renhart, Dorothea Talaa, Stefano Benazzi, Matteo Romandini, Luc Amkreutz, Hervé Bocherens, Christoph Wißing, Sébastien Villotte, Javier Fernández-López Pablo, Magdalena Gómez-Puche, Marco Aurelio Esquembre-Bebia, Pierre Bodu, Liesbeth Smits, Bénédicte Souffi, Rimantas Jankauskas, Justina Kozakaitė, Christophe Cupillard, Hartmut Benthien, Kurt Wehrberger, Ralf W. Schmitz, Susanne C. Feine, Tim Schüler, Corinne Thevenet, Dan Grigorescu, Friedrich Lüth, Andreas Kotula, Henny Piezonka, Franz Schopper, Jiří Svoboda, Sandra Sázelová, Andrey Chizhevsky, Aleksandr Khokhlov, Nicholas J. Conard, Frédérique Valentin, Katerina Harvati, Patrick Semal, Bettina Jungklaus, Alexander Suvorov, Rick Schulting, Vyacheslav Moiseyev, Kristiina Mannermaa, Alexandra Buzhilova, Thomas Terberger, David Caramelli, Eveline Altena, Wolfgang Haak and Johannes Krause ()
Additional contact information
Cosimo Posth: University of Tübingen
He Yu: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology
Ayshin Ghalichi: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology
Hélène Rougier: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology
Isabelle Crevecoeur: Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, MC, PACEA UMR 5199
Yilei Huang: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology
Harald Ringbauer: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology
Adam B. Rohrlach: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology
Kathrin Nägele: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology
Vanessa Villalba-Mouco: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology
Rita Radzeviciute: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology
Tiago Ferraz: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology
Alexander Stoessel: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology
Rezeda Tukhbatova: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology
Dorothée G. Drucker: Senckenberg Centre for Human Evolution and Palaeoenvironment at the University of Tübingen
Martina Lari: University of Florence
Alessandra Modi: University of Florence
Stefania Vai: University of Florence
Tina Saupe: University of Tartu
Christiana L. Scheib: University of Tartu
Giulio Catalano: University of Palermo
Luca Pagani: University of Tartu
Sahra Talamo: University of Bologna
Helen Fewlass: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology
Laurent Klaric: UMR 8068 CNRS, TEMPS—Technologie et Ethnologie des Mondes Préhistoriques
André Morala: Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, MC, PACEA UMR 5199
Mathieu Rué: Paléotime
Stéphane Madelaine: Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, MC, PACEA UMR 5199
Laurent Crépin: Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, UPVD
Jean-Baptiste Caverne: Association APRAGE (Approches pluridisciplinaires de recherche archéologique du Grand-Est)
Emmy Bocaege: University of Kent
Stefano Ricci: Università degli Studi di Siena
Francesco Boschin: Università degli Studi di Siena
Priscilla Bayle: Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, MC, PACEA UMR 5199
Bruno Maureille: Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, MC, PACEA UMR 5199
Foni Brun-Ricalens: Institut National de Recherches Archéologiques
Jean-Guillaume Bordes: Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, MC, PACEA UMR 5199
Gregorio Oxilia: University of Bologna
Eugenio Bortolini: University of Bologna
Olivier Bignon-Lau: UMR 8068 CNRS, TEMPS—Technologie et Ethnologie des Mondes Préhistoriques
Grégory Debout: UMR 8068 CNRS, TEMPS—Technologie et Ethnologie des Mondes Préhistoriques
Michel Orliac: UMR 8068 CNRS, TEMPS—Technologie et Ethnologie des Mondes Préhistoriques
Antoine Zazzo: UMR 7209—Archéozoologie et Archéobotanique-Sociétés, Pratiques et Environnements, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle
Vitale Sparacello: Università Degli Studi di Cagliari, Cittadella Monserrato
Elisabetta Starnini: Università di Pisa
Luca Sineo: University of Palermo
Johannes Plicht: Groningen University
Laure Pecqueur: Inrap CIF
Gildas Merceron: University of Poitiers
Géraldine Garcia: University of Poitiers
Jean-Michel Leuvrey: Musées de Poitiers–Ville de Poitiers
Coralie Bay Garcia: Musées de Poitiers–Ville de Poitiers
Asier Gómez-Olivencia: Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU)
Marta Połtowicz-Bobak: University of Rzeszów
Dariusz Bobak: Foundation for Rzeszów Archaeological Centre
Mona Luyer: Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, MC, PACEA UMR 5199
Paul Storm: Groningen University
Claudia Hoffmann: Stralsund Museum
Jacek Kabaciński: Polish Academy of Science
Tatiana Filimonova: Institute of History, Archaeology and Ethnography
Svetlana Shnaider: Institute of Archaeology SB RAS
Natalia Berezina: Moscow State University
Borja González-Rabanal: Universidad de Cantabria
Manuel R. González Morales: Universidad de Cantabria-Gobierno de Cantabria-Banco Santander
Ana B. Marín-Arroyo: Universidad de Cantabria
Belén López: Universidad de Oviedo
Carmen Alonso-Llamazares: Universidad de Oviedo
Annamaria Ronchitelli: Università degli Studi di Siena
Caroline Polet: Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences
Ivan Jadin: Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences
Nicolas Cauwe: Musées Royaux d’Art et d’Histoire
Joaquim Soler: University of Girona
Neus Coromina: University of Girona
Isaac Rufí: University of Girona
Richard Cottiaux: INRAP/UMR 8215 Trajectoires 21
Geoffrey Clark: Arizona State University
Lawrence G. Straus: Universidad de Cantabria
Marie-Anne Julien: Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, UPVD
Silvia Renhart: Universalmuseum Joanneum
Dorothea Talaa: Museum ‘Das Dorf des Welan’
Stefano Benazzi: University of Bologna
Matteo Romandini: University of Bologna
Luc Amkreutz: National Museum of Antiquities
Hervé Bocherens: Senckenberg Centre for Human Evolution and Palaeoenvironment at the University of Tübingen
Christoph Wißing: Senckenberg Centre for Human Evolution and Palaeoenvironment at the University of Tübingen
Sébastien Villotte: Université de Paris Cité, Musée de l’Homme
Javier Fernández-López Pablo: University of Alicante, Sant Vicent del Raspeig
Magdalena Gómez-Puche: University of Alicante, Sant Vicent del Raspeig
Marco Aurelio Esquembre-Bebia: Arpa Patrimonio S. L.
Pierre Bodu: UMR 8068 CNRS, TEMPS—Technologie et Ethnologie des Mondes Préhistoriques
Liesbeth Smits: Amsterdam Centre of Ancient Studies and Archaeology, University of Amsterdam
Bénédicte Souffi: UMR 8068 CNRS, TEMPS—Technologie et Ethnologie des Mondes Préhistoriques
Rimantas Jankauskas: Vilnius University
Justina Kozakaitė: Vilnius University
Christophe Cupillard: Service Régional de l’Archéologie de Bourgogne-Franche-Comté
Ralf W. Schmitz: LVR-LandesMuseum Bonn
Susanne C. Feine: LVR-LandesMuseum Bonn
Tim Schüler: Thuringian State Office for Monuments Preservation and Archeology
Corinne Thevenet: INRAP/UMR 8215 Trajectoires 21
Dan Grigorescu: Department of Geology
Friedrich Lüth: German Archaeological Institute
Andreas Kotula: Brandenburg Authorities for Heritage Management and Archaeological State Museum
Henny Piezonka: Kiel University
Franz Schopper: Brandenburg Authorities for Heritage Management and Archaeological State Museum
Jiří Svoboda: Centre for Palaeolithic and Paleoanthropology
Sandra Sázelová: Centre for Palaeolithic and Paleoanthropology
Andrey Chizhevsky: Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tatarstan
Aleksandr Khokhlov: Samara State University of Social Sciences and Education
Nicholas J. Conard: Senckenberg Centre for Human Evolution and Palaeoenvironment at the University of Tübingen
Frédérique Valentin: UMR 8068 CNRS, TEMPS—Technologie et Ethnologie des Mondes Préhistoriques
Katerina Harvati: Senckenberg Centre for Human Evolution and Palaeoenvironment at the University of Tübingen
Patrick Semal: Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences
Bettina Jungklaus: Anthropologie-Büro
Alexander Suvorov: Academy of Sciences
Rick Schulting: University of Oxford
Vyacheslav Moiseyev: Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography (Kunstkamera), Russian Academy of Sciences
Kristiina Mannermaa: University of Helsinki
Alexandra Buzhilova: Moscow State University
Thomas Terberger: Göttingen University
David Caramelli: University of Florence
Eveline Altena: Leiden University Medical Center
Wolfgang Haak: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology
Johannes Krause: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology

Nature, 2023, vol. 615, issue 7950, 117-126

Abstract: Abstract Modern humans have populated Europe for more than 45,000 years1,2. Our knowledge of the genetic relatedness and structure of ancient hunter-gatherers is however limited, owing to the scarceness and poor molecular preservation of human remains from that period3. Here we analyse 356 ancient hunter-gatherer genomes, including new genomic data for 116 individuals from 14 countries in western and central Eurasia, spanning between 35,000 and 5,000 years ago. We identify a genetic ancestry profile in individuals associated with Upper Palaeolithic Gravettian assemblages from western Europe that is distinct from contemporaneous groups related to this archaeological culture in central and southern Europe4, but resembles that of preceding individuals associated with the Aurignacian culture. This ancestry profile survived during the Last Glacial Maximum (25,000 to 19,000 years ago) in human populations from southwestern Europe associated with the Solutrean culture, and with the following Magdalenian culture that re-expanded northeastward after the Last Glacial Maximum. Conversely, we reveal a genetic turnover in southern Europe suggesting a local replacement of human groups around the time of the Last Glacial Maximum, accompanied by a north-to-south dispersal of populations associated with the Epigravettian culture. From at least 14,000 years ago, an ancestry related to this culture spread from the south across the rest of Europe, largely replacing the Magdalenian-associated gene pool. After a period of limited admixture that spanned the beginning of the Mesolithic, we find genetic interactions between western and eastern European hunter-gatherers, who were also characterized by marked differences in phenotypically relevant variants.

Date: 2023
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DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-05726-0

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