Universal logic with encoded spin qubits in silicon

Aaron J. Weinstein (), Matthew D. Reed, Aaron M. Jones, Reed W. Andrews, David Barnes, Jacob Z. Blumoff, Larken E. Euliss, Kevin Eng, Bryan H. Fong, Sieu D. Ha, Daniel R. Hulbert, Clayton A. C. Jackson, Michael Jura, Tyler E. Keating, Joseph Kerckhoff, Andrey A. Kiselev, Justine Matten, Golam Sabbir, Aaron Smith, Jeffrey Wright, Matthew T. Rakher, Thaddeus D. Ladd () and Matthew G. Borselli
Additional contact information
Aaron J. Weinstein: HRL Laboratories, LLC
Matthew D. Reed: HRL Laboratories, LLC
Aaron M. Jones: HRL Laboratories, LLC
Reed W. Andrews: HRL Laboratories, LLC
David Barnes: HRL Laboratories, LLC
Jacob Z. Blumoff: HRL Laboratories, LLC
Larken E. Euliss: HRL Laboratories, LLC
Kevin Eng: HRL Laboratories, LLC
Bryan H. Fong: HRL Laboratories, LLC
Sieu D. Ha: HRL Laboratories, LLC
Daniel R. Hulbert: HRL Laboratories, LLC
Clayton A. C. Jackson: HRL Laboratories, LLC
Michael Jura: HRL Laboratories, LLC
Tyler E. Keating: HRL Laboratories, LLC
Joseph Kerckhoff: HRL Laboratories, LLC
Andrey A. Kiselev: HRL Laboratories, LLC
Justine Matten: HRL Laboratories, LLC
Golam Sabbir: HRL Laboratories, LLC
Aaron Smith: HRL Laboratories, LLC
Jeffrey Wright: HRL Laboratories, LLC
Matthew T. Rakher: HRL Laboratories, LLC
Thaddeus D. Ladd: HRL Laboratories, LLC
Matthew G. Borselli: HRL Laboratories, LLC

Nature, 2023, vol. 615, issue 7954, 817-822

Abstract: Abstract Quantum computation features known examples of hardware acceleration for certain problems, but is challenging to realize because of its susceptibility to small errors from noise or imperfect control. The principles of fault tolerance may enable computational acceleration with imperfect hardware, but they place strict requirements on the character and correlation of errors1. For many qubit technologies2–21, some challenges to achieving fault tolerance can be traced to correlated errors arising from the need to control qubits by injecting microwave energy matching qubit resonances. Here we demonstrate an alternative approach to quantum computation that uses energy-degenerate encoded qubit states controlled by nearest-neighbour contact interactions that partially swap the spin states of electrons with those of their neighbours. Calibrated sequences of such partial swaps, implemented using only voltage pulses, allow universal quantum control while bypassing microwave-associated correlated error sources1,22–28. We use an array of six 28Si/SiGe quantum dots, built using a platform that is capable of extending in two dimensions following processes used in conventional microelectronics29. We quantify the operational fidelity of universal control of two encoded qubits using interleaved randomized benchmarking30, finding a fidelity of 96.3% ± 0.7% for encoded controlled NOT operations and 99.3% ± 0.5% for encoded SWAP. The quantum coherence offered by enriched silicon5–9,16,18,20,22,27,29,31–37, the all-electrical and low-crosstalk-control of partial swap operations1,22–28 and the configurable insensitivity of our encoding to certain error sources28,33,34,38 all combine to offer a strong pathway towards scalable fault tolerance and computational advantage.

Date: 2023
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DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-05777-3

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