Loophole-free Bell inequality violation with superconducting circuits

Simon Storz (), Josua Schär, Anatoly Kulikov, Paul Magnard, Philipp Kurpiers, Janis Lütolf, Theo Walter, Adrian Copetudo, Kevin Reuer, Abdulkadir Akin, Jean-Claude Besse, Mihai Gabureac, Graham J. Norris, Andrés Rosario, Ferran Martin, José Martinez, Waldimar Amaya, Morgan W. Mitchell, Carlos Abellan, Jean-Daniel Bancal, Nicolas Sangouard, Baptiste Royer, Alexandre Blais and Andreas Wallraff ()
Additional contact information
Simon Storz: ETH Zurich
Josua Schär: ETH Zurich
Anatoly Kulikov: ETH Zurich
Paul Magnard: ETH Zurich
Philipp Kurpiers: ETH Zurich
Janis Lütolf: ETH Zurich
Theo Walter: ETH Zurich
Adrian Copetudo: ETH Zurich
Kevin Reuer: ETH Zurich
Abdulkadir Akin: ETH Zurich
Jean-Claude Besse: ETH Zurich
Mihai Gabureac: ETH Zurich
Graham J. Norris: ETH Zurich
Andrés Rosario: ETH Zurich
Ferran Martin: Quside Technologies S.L.
José Martinez: Quside Technologies S.L.
Waldimar Amaya: Quside Technologies S.L.
Morgan W. Mitchell: The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology
Carlos Abellan: Quside Technologies S.L.
Jean-Daniel Bancal: University of Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS
Nicolas Sangouard: University of Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS
Baptiste Royer: Yale University
Alexandre Blais: Université de Sherbrooke
Andreas Wallraff: ETH Zurich

Nature, 2023, vol. 617, issue 7960, 265-270

Abstract: Abstract Superposition, entanglement and non-locality constitute fundamental features of quantum physics. The fact that quantum physics does not follow the principle of local causality1–3 can be experimentally demonstrated in Bell tests4 performed on pairs of spatially separated, entangled quantum systems. Although Bell tests, which are widely regarded as a litmus test of quantum physics, have been explored using a broad range of quantum systems over the past 50 years, only relatively recently have experiments free of so-called loopholes5 succeeded. Such experiments have been performed with spins in nitrogen–vacancy centres6, optical photons7–9 and neutral atoms10. Here we demonstrate a loophole-free violation of Bell’s inequality with superconducting circuits, which are a prime contender for realizing quantum computing technology11. To evaluate a Clauser–Horne–Shimony–Holt-type Bell inequality4, we deterministically entangle a pair of qubits12 and perform fast and high-fidelity measurements13 along randomly chosen bases on the qubits connected through a cryogenic link14 spanning a distance of 30 metres. Evaluating more than 1 million experimental trials, we find an average S value of 2.0747 ± 0.0033, violating Bell’s inequality with a P value smaller than 10−108. Our work demonstrates that non-locality is a viable new resource in quantum information technology realized with superconducting circuits with potential applications in quantum communication, quantum computing and fundamental physics15.

Date: 2023
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DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-05885-0

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