Generation of genuine entanglement up to 51 superconducting qubits

Sirui Cao, Bujiao Wu, Fusheng Chen, Ming Gong, Yulin Wu, Yangsen Ye, Chen Zha, Haoran Qian, Chong Ying, Shaojun Guo, Qingling Zhu, He-Liang Huang, Youwei Zhao, Shaowei Li, Shiyu Wang, Jiale Yu, Daojin Fan, Dachao Wu, Hong Su, Hui Deng, Hao Rong, Yuan Li, Kaili Zhang, Tung-Hsun Chung, Futian Liang, Jin Lin, Yu Xu, Lihua Sun, Cheng Guo, Na Li, Yong-Heng Huo, Cheng-Zhi Peng, Chao-Yang Lu, Xiao Yuan (), Xiaobo Zhu () and Jian-Wei Pan ()
Additional contact information
Sirui Cao: University of Science and Technology of China
Bujiao Wu: Peking University
Fusheng Chen: University of Science and Technology of China
Ming Gong: University of Science and Technology of China
Yulin Wu: University of Science and Technology of China
Yangsen Ye: University of Science and Technology of China
Chen Zha: University of Science and Technology of China
Haoran Qian: University of Science and Technology of China
Chong Ying: University of Science and Technology of China
Shaojun Guo: University of Science and Technology of China
Qingling Zhu: University of Science and Technology of China
He-Liang Huang: University of Science and Technology of China
Youwei Zhao: University of Science and Technology of China
Shaowei Li: University of Science and Technology of China
Shiyu Wang: University of Science and Technology of China
Jiale Yu: University of Science and Technology of China
Daojin Fan: University of Science and Technology of China
Dachao Wu: University of Science and Technology of China
Hong Su: University of Science and Technology of China
Hui Deng: University of Science and Technology of China
Hao Rong: University of Science and Technology of China
Yuan Li: University of Science and Technology of China
Kaili Zhang: University of Science and Technology of China
Tung-Hsun Chung: University of Science and Technology of China
Futian Liang: University of Science and Technology of China
Jin Lin: University of Science and Technology of China
Yu Xu: University of Science and Technology of China
Lihua Sun: University of Science and Technology of China
Cheng Guo: University of Science and Technology of China
Na Li: University of Science and Technology of China
Yong-Heng Huo: University of Science and Technology of China
Cheng-Zhi Peng: University of Science and Technology of China
Chao-Yang Lu: University of Science and Technology of China
Xiao Yuan: University of Science and Technology of China
Xiaobo Zhu: University of Science and Technology of China
Jian-Wei Pan: University of Science and Technology of China

Nature, 2023, vol. 619, issue 7971, 738-742

Abstract: Abstract Scalable generation of genuine multipartite entanglement with an increasing number of qubits is important for both fundamental interest and practical use in quantum-information technologies1,2. On the one hand, multipartite entanglement shows a strong contradiction between the prediction of quantum mechanics and local realization and can be used for the study of quantum-to-classical transition3,4. On the other hand, realizing large-scale entanglement is a benchmark for the quality and controllability of the quantum system and is essential for realizing universal quantum computing5–8. However, scalable generation of genuine multipartite entanglement on a state-of-the-art quantum device can be challenging, requiring accurate quantum gates and efficient verification protocols. Here we show a scalable approach for preparing and verifying intermediate-scale genuine entanglement on a 66-qubit superconducting quantum processor. We used high-fidelity parallel quantum gates and optimized the fidelitites of parallel single- and two-qubit gates to be 99.91% and 99.05%, respectively. With efficient randomized fidelity estimation9, we realized 51-qubit one-dimensional and 30-qubit two-dimensional cluster states and achieved fidelities of 0.637 ± 0.030 and 0.671 ± 0.006, respectively. On the basis of high-fidelity cluster states, we further show a proof-of-principle realization of measurement-based variational quantum eigensolver10 for perturbed planar codes. Our work provides a feasible approach for preparing and verifying entanglement with a few hundred qubits, enabling medium-scale quantum computing with superconducting quantum systems.

Date: 2023
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DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06195-1

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