Realizing spin squeezing with Rydberg interactions in an optical clock

William J. Eckner, Nelson Darkwah Oppong, Alec Cao, Aaron W. Young, William R. Milner, John M. Robinson, Jun Ye and Adam M. Kaufman ()
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William J. Eckner: JILA, University of Colorado and National Institute of Standards and Technology, and Department of Physics, University of Colorado
Nelson Darkwah Oppong: JILA, University of Colorado and National Institute of Standards and Technology, and Department of Physics, University of Colorado
Alec Cao: JILA, University of Colorado and National Institute of Standards and Technology, and Department of Physics, University of Colorado
Aaron W. Young: JILA, University of Colorado and National Institute of Standards and Technology, and Department of Physics, University of Colorado
William R. Milner: JILA, University of Colorado and National Institute of Standards and Technology, and Department of Physics, University of Colorado
John M. Robinson: JILA, University of Colorado and National Institute of Standards and Technology, and Department of Physics, University of Colorado
Jun Ye: JILA, University of Colorado and National Institute of Standards and Technology, and Department of Physics, University of Colorado
Adam M. Kaufman: JILA, University of Colorado and National Institute of Standards and Technology, and Department of Physics, University of Colorado

Nature, 2023, vol. 621, issue 7980, 734-739

Abstract: Abstract Neutral-atom arrays trapped in optical potentials are a powerful platform for studying quantum physics, combining precise single-particle control and detection with a range of tunable entangling interactions1–3. For example, these capabilities have been leveraged for state-of-the-art frequency metrology4,5 as well as microscopic studies of entangled many-particle states6–11. Here we combine these applications to realize spin squeezing—a widely studied operation for producing metrologically useful entanglement—in an optical atomic clock based on a programmable array of interacting optical qubits. In this demonstration of Rydberg-mediated squeezing with a neutral-atom optical clock, we generate states that have almost four decibels of metrological gain. In addition, we perform a synchronous frequency comparison between independent squeezed states and observe a fractional-frequency stability of 1.087(1) × 10−15 at one-second averaging time, which is 1.94(1) decibels below the standard quantum limit and reaches a fractional precision at the 10−17 level during a half-hour measurement. We further leverage the programmable control afforded by optical tweezer arrays to apply local phase shifts to explore spin squeezing in measurements that operate beyond the relative coherence time with the optical local oscillator. The realization of this spin-squeezing protocol in a programmable atom-array clock will enable a wide range of quantum-information-inspired techniques for optimal phase estimation and Heisenberg-limited optical atomic clocks12–16.

Date: 2023
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DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06360-6

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