Ongoing declines for the world’s amphibians in the face of emerging threats

Jennifer A. Luedtke (), Janice Chanson, Kelsey Neam, Louise Hobin, Adriano O. Maciel, Alessandro Catenazzi, Amaël Borzée, Amir Hamidy, Anchalee Aowphol, Anderson Jean, Ángel Sosa-Bartuano, Ansel Fong G., Anslem Silva, Antoine Fouquet, Ariadne Angulo, Artem A. Kidov, Arturo Muñoz Saravia, Arvin C. Diesmos, Atsushi Tominaga, Biraj Shrestha, Brian Gratwicke, Burhan Tjaturadi, Carlos C. Martínez Rivera, Carlos R. Vásquez Almazán, Celsa Señaris, S. R. Chandramouli, Christine Strüssmann, Claudia Fabiola Cortez Fernández, Claudio Azat, Conrad J. Hoskin, Craig Hilton-Taylor, Damion L. Whyte, David J. Gower, Deanna H. Olson, Diego F. Cisneros-Heredia, Diego José Santana, Elizah Nagombi, Elnaz Najafi-Majd, Evan S. H. Quah, Federico Bolaños, Feng Xie, Francisco Brusquetti, Francisco S. Álvarez, Franco Andreone, Frank Glaw, Franklin Enrique Castañeda, Fred Kraus, Gabriela Parra-Olea, Gerardo Chaves, Guido F. Medina-Rangel, Gustavo González-Durán, H. Mauricio Ortega-Andrade, Iberê F. Machado, Indraneil Das, Iuri Ribeiro Dias, J. Nicolas Urbina-Cardona, Jelka Crnobrnja-Isailović, Jian-Huan Yang, Jiang Jianping, Jigme Tshelthrim Wangyal, Jodi J. L. Rowley, John Measey, Karthikeyan Vasudevan, Kin Onn Chan, Kotambylu Vasudeva Gururaja, Kristiina Ovaska, Lauren C. Warr, Luis Canseco-Márquez, Luís Felipe Toledo, Luis M. Díaz, M. Monirul H. Khan, Madhava Meegaskumbura, Manuel E. Acevedo, Marcelo Felgueiras Napoli, Marcos A. Ponce, Marcos Vaira, Margarita Lampo, Mario H. Yánez-Muñoz, Mark D. Scherz, Mark-Oliver Rödel, Masafumi Matsui, Maxon Fildor, Mirza D. Kusrini, Mohammad Firoz Ahmed, Muhammad Rais, N’Goran G. Kouamé, Nieves García, Nono Legrand Gonwouo, Patricia A. Burrowes, Paul Y. Imbun, Philipp Wagner, Philippe J. R. Kok, Rafael L. Joglar, Renoir J. Auguste, Reuber Albuquerque Brandão, Roberto Ibáñez, Rudolf May, S. Blair Hedges, S. D. Biju, S. R. Ganesh, Sally Wren, Sandeep Das, Sandra V. Flechas, Sara L. Ashpole, Silvia J. Robleto-Hernández, Simon P. Loader, Sixto J. Incháustegui, Sonali Garg, Somphouthone Phimmachak, Stephen J. Richards, Tahar Slimani, Tamara Osborne-Naikatini, Tatianne P. F. Abreu-Jardim, Thais H. Condez, Thiago R. Carvalho, Timothy P. Cutajar, Todd W. Pierson, Truong Q. Nguyen, Uğur Kaya, Zhiyong Yuan, Barney Long, Penny Langhammer and Simon N. Stuart
Additional contact information
Jennifer A. Luedtke: Re:wild
Janice Chanson: Re:wild
Kelsey Neam: Re:wild
Louise Hobin: IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group
Adriano O. Maciel: Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, CZO/Herpetologia
Alessandro Catenazzi: Florida International University
Amaël Borzée: IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group
Amir Hamidy: National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN)
Anchalee Aowphol: Kasetsart University
Anderson Jean: Action Pour la Sauvegarde de l’Ecologie en Haïti (ACSEH)
Ángel Sosa-Bartuano: Museo de Vertebrados de la Universidad de Panamá
Ansel Fong G.: Museo de Historia Natural “Tomás Romay”
Anslem Silva: IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group, Sri Lanka
Antoine Fouquet: Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier
Ariadne Angulo: IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group
Artem A. Kidov: Russian State Agrarian University—MTAA
Arturo Muñoz Saravia: IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group Bolivia
Arvin C. Diesmos: University of the Philippines Los Baños
Atsushi Tominaga: University of the Ryukyus
Biraj Shrestha: SAVE THE FROGS!
Brian Gratwicke: Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute
Burhan Tjaturadi: Sanata Dharma University (CESSDU)
Carlos C. Martínez Rivera: Pinelands Preservation Alliance
Carlos R. Vásquez Almazán: Universidad de San Carlos
Celsa Señaris: Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD-CSIC)
S. R. Chandramouli: Pondicherry University
Christine Strüssmann: Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso
Claudia Fabiola Cortez Fernández: IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group Bolivia
Claudio Azat: Universidad Andres Bello
Conrad J. Hoskin: James Cook University
Craig Hilton-Taylor: IUCN
Damion L. Whyte: University of the West Indies Mona
David J. Gower: The Natural History Museum
Deanna H. Olson: United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service
Diego F. Cisneros-Heredia: Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Instituto de Biodiversidad Tropical IBIOTROP
Diego José Santana: Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul
Elizah Nagombi: The New Guinea Binatang Research Center
Elnaz Najafi-Majd: Ege University
Evan S. H. Quah: Universiti Malaysia Sabah
Federico Bolaños: Universidad de Costa Rica
Feng Xie: Chinese Academy of Sciences
Francisco Brusquetti: Instituto de Investigación Biológica del Paraguay
Francisco S. Álvarez: Fundación Naturaleza El Salvador
Franco Andreone: Museo Regionale di Scienze Naturali
Frank Glaw: Zoologische Staatssammlung München (ZSM-SNSB)
Franklin Enrique Castañeda: Panthera
Fred Kraus: University of Michigan
Gabriela Parra-Olea: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
Gerardo Chaves: Universidad de Costa Rica
Guido F. Medina-Rangel: Universidad Nacional de Colombia
Gustavo González-Durán: WCS-Colombia
H. Mauricio Ortega-Andrade: Universidad Regional Amazónica IKIAM
Iberê F. Machado: Instituto Boitatá de Etnobiologia e Conservação da Fauna
Indraneil Das: Universiti Malaysia Sarawak
Iuri Ribeiro Dias: Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz
J. Nicolas Urbina-Cardona: Pontificia Universidad Javeriana
Jelka Crnobrnja-Isailović: University of Niš
Jian-Huan Yang: Kadoorie Farm and Botanic Garden
Jiang Jianping: Chinese Academy of Sciences
Jigme Tshelthrim Wangyal: University of New England
Jodi J. L. Rowley: Australian Museum
John Measey: Stellenbosch University
Karthikeyan Vasudevan: CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology
Kin Onn Chan: National University of Singapore
Kotambylu Vasudeva Gururaja: Manipal Academy of Higher Education
Kristiina Ovaska: Biolinx Environmental Research
Luis Canseco-Márquez: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
Luís Felipe Toledo: Universidade Estadual de Campinas (Unicamp)
Luis M. Díaz: Museo Nacional de Historia Natural de Cuba
M. Monirul H. Khan: Jahangirnagar University
Madhava Meegaskumbura: Guangxi University
Manuel E. Acevedo: Museo Nacional de Historia Natural “Jorge A. Ibarra”
Marcelo Felgueiras Napoli: Universidade Federal da Bahia
Marcos Vaira: Instituto de Ecorregiones Andinas (INECOA, UNJu—Conicet)
Margarita Lampo: Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC)
Mario H. Yánez-Muñoz: Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad (INABIO)
Mark D. Scherz: University of Copenhagen
Mark-Oliver Rödel: Museum für Naturkunde—Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science
Masafumi Matsui: Kyoto University, Yoshida Nihonmatsu
Maxon Fildor: Action Pour la Sauvegarde de l’Ecologie en Haïti (ACSEH)
Mirza D. Kusrini: IPB University
Mohammad Firoz Ahmed: Aaranyak
Muhammad Rais: Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi
N’Goran G. Kouamé: Université Jean Lorougnon Guédé
Nieves García: IUCN Species Survival Commission
Nono Legrand Gonwouo: University of Yaoundé I
Patricia A. Burrowes: University of Puerto Rico
Paul Y. Imbun: Sabah Parks
Philipp Wagner: Allwetterzoo
Philippe J. R. Kok: University of Łódź
Rafael L. Joglar: University of Puerto Rico
Renoir J. Auguste: The University of the West Indies
Reuber Albuquerque Brandão: Universidade de Brasília
Roberto Ibáñez: Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute
Rudolf May: California State University Channel Islands
S. Blair Hedges: Temple University
S. D. Biju: University of Delhi
S. R. Ganesh: Chennai Snake Park
Sally Wren: IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group
Sandeep Das: University of Calicut
Sandra V. Flechas: Bichos.team
Sara L. Ashpole: St Lawrence University
Silvia J. Robleto-Hernández: IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group Nicaragua
Simon P. Loader: The Natural History Museum
Sixto J. Incháustegui: Grupo Jaragua
Sonali Garg: University of Delhi
Somphouthone Phimmachak: National University of Laos
Stephen J. Richards: South Australian Museum
Tahar Slimani: Cadi Ayyad University
Tamara Osborne-Naikatini: The University of the South Pacific
Tatianne P. F. Abreu-Jardim: Instituto Boitatá de Etnobiologia e Conservação da Fauna
Thais H. Condez: Carleton University
Thiago R. Carvalho: Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais
Timothy P. Cutajar: Australian Museum
Todd W. Pierson: Kennesaw State University
Truong Q. Nguyen: Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology
Uğur Kaya: Ege University
Zhiyong Yuan: Southwest University
Barney Long: Re:wild
Penny Langhammer: Re:wild
Simon N. Stuart: IUCN Species Survival Commission

Nature, 2023, vol. 622, issue 7982, 308-314

Abstract: Abstract Systematic assessments of species extinction risk at regular intervals are necessary for informing conservation action1,2. Ongoing developments in taxonomy, threatening processes and research further underscore the need for reassessment3,4. Here we report the findings of the second Global Amphibian Assessment, evaluating 8,011 species for the International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List of Threatened Species. We find that amphibians are the most threatened vertebrate class (40.7% of species are globally threatened). The updated Red List Index shows that the status of amphibians is deteriorating globally, particularly for salamanders and in the Neotropics. Disease and habitat loss drove 91% of status deteriorations between 1980 and 2004. Ongoing and projected climate change effects are now of increasing concern, driving 39% of status deteriorations since 2004, followed by habitat loss (37%). Although signs of species recoveries incentivize immediate conservation action, scaled-up investment is urgently needed to reverse the current trends.

Date: 2023
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DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06578-4

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