Observing the primary steps of ion solvation in helium droplets

Simon H. Albrechtsen, Constant A. Schouder, Alberto Viñas Muñoz, Jeppe K. Christensen, Christian Engelbrecht Petersen, Martí Pi, Manuel Barranco and Henrik Stapelfeldt ()
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Simon H. Albrechtsen: Aarhus University
Constant A. Schouder: Aarhus University
Alberto Viñas Muñoz: Aarhus University
Jeppe K. Christensen: Aarhus University
Christian Engelbrecht Petersen: Aarhus University
Martí Pi: Universitat de Barcelona
Manuel Barranco: Universitat de Barcelona
Henrik Stapelfeldt: Aarhus University

Nature, 2023, vol. 623, issue 7986, 319-323

Abstract: Abstract Solvation is a ubiquitous phenomenon in the natural sciences. At the macroscopic level, it is well understood through thermodynamics and chemical reaction kinetics1,2. At the atomic level, the primary steps of solvation are the attraction and binding of individual molecules or atoms of a solvent to molecules or ions of a solute1. These steps have, however, never been observed in real time. Here we instantly create a single sodium ion at the surface of a liquid helium nanodroplet3,4, and measure the number of solvent atoms that successively attach to the ion as a function of time. We found that the binding dynamics of the first five helium atoms is well described by a Poissonian process with a binding rate of 2.0 atoms per picosecond. This rate is consistent with time-dependent density-functional-theory simulations of the solvation process. Furthermore, our measurements enable an estimate of the energy removed from the region around the sodium ion as a function of time, revealing that half of the total solvation energy is dissipated after four picoseconds. Our experimental method opens possibilities for benchmarking theoretical models of ion solvation and for time-resolved measurements of cation–molecule complex formation.

Date: 2023
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DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06593-5

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