Population genomics of post-glacial western Eurasia

Morten E. Allentoft (), Martin Sikora (), Alba Refoyo-Martínez, Evan K. Irving-Pease, Anders Fischer, William Barrie, Andrés Ingason, Jesper Stenderup, Karl-Göran Sjögren, Alice Pearson, Bárbara Sousa da Mota, Bettina Schulz Paulsson, Alma Halgren, Ruairidh Macleod, Marie Louise Schjellerup Jørkov, Fabrice Demeter, Lasse Sørensen, Poul Otto Nielsen, Rasmus A. Henriksen, Tharsika Vimala, Hugh McColl, Ashot Margaryan, Melissa Ilardo, Andrew Vaughn, Morten Fischer Mortensen, Anne Birgitte Nielsen, Mikkel Ulfeldt Hede, Niels Nørkjær Johannsen, Peter Rasmussen, Lasse Vinner, Gabriel Renaud, Aaron Stern, Theis Zetner Trolle Jensen, Gabriele Scorrano, Hannes Schroeder, Per Lysdahl, Abigail Daisy Ramsøe, Andrei Skorobogatov, Andrew Joseph Schork, Anders Rosengren, Anthony Ruter, Alan Outram, Aleksey A. Timoshenko, Alexandra Buzhilova, Alfredo Coppa, Alisa Zubova, Ana Maria Silva, Anders J. Hansen, Andrey Gromov, Andrey Logvin, Anne Birgitte Gotfredsen, Bjarne Henning Nielsen, Borja González-Rabanal, Carles Lalueza-Fox, Catriona J. McKenzie, Charleen Gaunitz, Concepción Blasco, Corina Liesau, Cristina Martinez-Labarga, Dmitri V. Pozdnyakov, David Cuenca-Solana, David O. Lordkipanidze, Dmitri En’shin, Domingo C. Salazar-García, T. Douglas Price, Dušan Borić, Elena Kostyleva, Elizaveta V. Veselovskaya, Emma R. Usmanova, Enrico Cappellini, Erik Brinch Petersen, Esben Kannegaard, Francesca Radina, Fulya Eylem Yediay, Henri Duday, Igor Gutiérrez-Zugasti, Ilya Merts, Inna Potekhina, Irina Shevnina, Isin Altinkaya, Jean Guilaine, Jesper Hansen, Joan Emili Aura Tortosa, João Zilhão, Jorge Vega, Kristoffer Buck Pedersen, Krzysztof Tunia, Lei Zhao, Liudmila N. Mylnikova, Lars Larsson, Laure Metz, Levon Yepiskoposyan, Lisbeth Pedersen, Lucia Sarti, Ludovic Orlando, Ludovic Slimak, Lutz Klassen, Malou Blank, Manuel González-Morales, Mara Silvestrini, Maria Vretemark, Marina S. Nesterova, Marina Rykun, Mario Federico Rolfo, Marzena Szmyt, Marcin Przybyła, Mauro Calattini, Mikhail Sablin, Miluše Dobisíková, Morten Meldgaard, Morten Johansen, Natalia Berezina, Nick Card, Nikolai A. Saveliev, Olga Poshekhonova, Olga Rickards, Olga V. Lozovskaya, Olivér Gábor, Otto Christian Uldum, Paola Aurino, Pavel Kosintsev, Patrice Courtaud, Patricia Ríos, Peder Mortensen, Per Lotz, Per Persson, Pernille Bangsgaard, Peter Barros Damgaard, Peter Vang Petersen, Pilar Prieto Martinez, Piotr Włodarczak, Roman V. Smolyaninov, Rikke Maring, Roberto Menduiña, Ruben Badalyan, Rune Iversen, Ruslan Turin, Sergey Vasilyev, Sidsel Wåhlin, Svetlana Borutskaya, Svetlana Skochina, Søren Anker Sørensen, Søren H. Andersen, Thomas Jørgensen, Yuri B. Serikov, Vyacheslav I. Molodin, Vaclav Smrcka, Victor Merts, Vivek Appadurai, Vyacheslav Moiseyev, Yvonne Magnusson, Kurt H. Kjær, Niels Lynnerup, Daniel J. Lawson, Peter H. Sudmant, Simon Rasmussen, Thorfinn Sand Korneliussen, Richard Durbin, Rasmus Nielsen, Olivier Delaneau, Thomas Werge, Fernando Racimo, Kristian Kristiansen and Eske Willerslev ()
Additional contact information
Morten E. Allentoft: University of Copenhagen
Martin Sikora: University of Copenhagen
Alba Refoyo-Martínez: University of Copenhagen
Evan K. Irving-Pease: University of Copenhagen
Anders Fischer: University of Copenhagen
William Barrie: University of Cambridge
Andrés Ingason: University of Copenhagen
Jesper Stenderup: University of Copenhagen
Karl-Göran Sjögren: University of Gothenburg
Alice Pearson: University of Cambridge
Bárbara Sousa da Mota: University of Lausanne
Bettina Schulz Paulsson: University of Gothenburg
Alma Halgren: University of California
Ruairidh Macleod: University of Copenhagen
Marie Louise Schjellerup Jørkov: University of Copenhagen
Fabrice Demeter: University of Copenhagen
Lasse Sørensen: The National Museum of Denmark
Poul Otto Nielsen: The National Museum of Denmark
Rasmus A. Henriksen: University of Copenhagen
Tharsika Vimala: University of Copenhagen
Hugh McColl: University of Copenhagen
Ashot Margaryan: University of Copenhagen
Melissa Ilardo: University of Utah
Andrew Vaughn: University of California
Morten Fischer Mortensen: The National Museum of Denmark
Anne Birgitte Nielsen: Lund University
Mikkel Ulfeldt Hede: Tårnby Gymnasium og HF
Niels Nørkjær Johannsen: Aarhus University
Peter Rasmussen: The National Museum of Denmark
Lasse Vinner: University of Copenhagen
Gabriel Renaud: Technical University of Denmark
Aaron Stern: University of California
Theis Zetner Trolle Jensen: University of Copenhagen
Gabriele Scorrano: University of Copenhagen
Hannes Schroeder: University of Copenhagen
Per Lysdahl: Vendsyssel Historiske Museum
Abigail Daisy Ramsøe: University of Copenhagen
Andrei Skorobogatov: Terra Ltd.
Andrew Joseph Schork: University of Cambridge
Anders Rosengren: University of Copenhagen
Anthony Ruter: University of Copenhagen
Alan Outram: University of Exeter
Aleksey A. Timoshenko: Institute of Archeology and Ethnography, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Alexandra Buzhilova: Lomonosov Moscow State University
Alfredo Coppa: Sapienza University of Rome
Alisa Zubova: Russian Academy of Sciences
Ana Maria Silva: University of Coimbra
Anders J. Hansen: University of Copenhagen
Andrey Gromov: Russian Academy of Sciences
Andrey Logvin: Kostanay Regional University A. Baitursynov
Anne Birgitte Gotfredsen: University of Copenhagen
Bjarne Henning Nielsen: Vesthimmerlands Museum
Borja González-Rabanal: Universidad de Cantabria
Carles Lalueza-Fox: Institute of Evolutionary Biology, CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra
Catriona J. McKenzie: University of Exeter
Charleen Gaunitz: University of Copenhagen
Concepción Blasco: Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
Corina Liesau: Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
Cristina Martinez-Labarga: University of Rome Tor Vergata
Dmitri V. Pozdnyakov: Institute of Archeology and Ethnography, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences
David Cuenca-Solana: Universidad de Cantabria, Banco Santander, Gobierno de Cantabria
David O. Lordkipanidze: Georgian National Museum
Dmitri En’shin: IPND, Tyumen Scientific Centre, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Domingo C. Salazar-García: Universitat de València
T. Douglas Price: University of Gothenburg
Dušan Borić: Sapienza University of Rome
Elena Kostyleva: Ivanovo State University
Elizaveta V. Veselovskaya: Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Russian Academy of Sciences
Emma R. Usmanova: Buketov Karaganda University
Enrico Cappellini: University of Copenhagen
Erik Brinch Petersen: University of Copenhagen
Esben Kannegaard: Museum Østjylland
Francesca Radina: Soprintendenza Archeologia Belle Arti e Paesaggio per la Città Metropolitana di Bari
Fulya Eylem Yediay: University of Copenhagen
Henri Duday: UMR 5199 PACEA, CNRS, Université de Bordeaux
Igor Gutiérrez-Zugasti: Universidad de Cantabria, Banco Santander, Gobierno de Cantabria
Ilya Merts: A.Kh. Margulan Institute of Archaeology
Inna Potekhina: Institute of Archaeology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
Irina Shevnina: Kostanay Regional University A. Baitursynov
Isin Altinkaya: University of Copenhagen
Jean Guilaine: Collège de France
Jesper Hansen: Svendborg Museum
Joan Emili Aura Tortosa: Universitat de València
João Zilhão: University of Lisbon
Jorge Vega: ARGEA Consultores SL
Kristoffer Buck Pedersen: Museum Sydøstdanmark
Krzysztof Tunia: Polish Academy of Sciences
Lei Zhao: University of Copenhagen
Liudmila N. Mylnikova: Institute of Archeology and Ethnography, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Lars Larsson: Lund University
Laure Metz: Maison Méditerranéenne des Sciences de l’Homme
Levon Yepiskoposyan: National Academy of Sciences
Lisbeth Pedersen: HistorieUdvikler
Lucia Sarti: University of Siena
Ludovic Orlando: Université Paul Sabatier
Ludovic Slimak: Université Paul Sabatier
Lutz Klassen: Museum Østjylland
Malou Blank: University of Gothenburg
Manuel González-Morales: Universidad de Cantabria, Banco Santander, Gobierno de Cantabria
Mara Silvestrini: Soprintendenza per i Beni Archeologici delle Marche
Maria Vretemark: Västergötlands Museum
Marina S. Nesterova: Institute of Archeology and Ethnography, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Marina Rykun: Tomsk State University
Mario Federico Rolfo: University of Rome Tor Vergata
Marzena Szmyt: Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań
Marcin Przybyła: Jagiellonian University
Mauro Calattini: University of Siena
Mikhail Sablin: Zoological Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences
Miluše Dobisíková: Czech National Museum
Morten Meldgaard: University of Greenland
Morten Johansen: The Viking Ship Museum
Natalia Berezina: Lomonosov Moscow State University
Nick Card: University of Highlands and Islands
Nikolai A. Saveliev: Irkutsk State University
Olga Poshekhonova: IPND, Tyumen Scientific Centre, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Olga Rickards: University of Rome Tor Vergata
Olga V. Lozovskaya: Institute for the History of Material Culture of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Olivér Gábor: Janus Pannonius Museum
Otto Christian Uldum: The Viking Ship Museum
Paola Aurino: Soprintendenza Archeologia, Belle Arti e Paesaggio per la provincia di Cosenza
Pavel Kosintsev: Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Patrice Courtaud: UMR 5199 PACEA, CNRS, Université de Bordeaux
Patricia Ríos: Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
Peder Mortensen: University of Copenhagen
Per Lotz: Museum Nordsjælland
Per Persson: University of Oslo
Pernille Bangsgaard: University of Copenhagen
Peter Barros Damgaard: University of Copenhagen
Peter Vang Petersen: The National Museum of Denmark
Pilar Prieto Martinez: University of Santiago de Compostela
Piotr Włodarczak: Polish Academy of Sciences
Roman V. Smolyaninov: Lipetsk Regional Scientific Public Organisation “Archaeological Research”
Rikke Maring: Technical University of Denmark
Roberto Menduiña: ARGEA Consultores SL
Ruben Badalyan: National Academy of Sciences
Rune Iversen: University of Copenhagen
Ruslan Turin: Terra Ltd.
Sergey Vasilyev: Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Russian Academy of Sciences
Sidsel Wåhlin: Vendsyssel Historiske Museum
Svetlana Borutskaya: Lomonosov Moscow State University
Svetlana Skochina: IPND, Tyumen Scientific Centre, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Søren Anker Sørensen: Museum Nordsjælland
Søren H. Andersen: Moesgaard Museum
Thomas Jørgensen: Museum Nordsjælland
Yuri B. Serikov: Nizhny Tagil State Socio-Pedagogical Institute
Vyacheslav I. Molodin: Institute of Archeology and Ethnography, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Vaclav Smrcka: Charles University
Victor Merts: Toraighyrov University
Vivek Appadurai: University of Cambridge
Vyacheslav Moiseyev: Russian Academy of Sciences
Yvonne Magnusson: Malmö Museer
Kurt H. Kjær: University of Copenhagen
Niels Lynnerup: University of Copenhagen
Daniel J. Lawson: University of Bristol
Peter H. Sudmant: University of California
Simon Rasmussen: University of Copenhagen
Thorfinn Sand Korneliussen: University of Copenhagen
Richard Durbin: University of Cambridge
Rasmus Nielsen: University of Copenhagen
Olivier Delaneau: University of Lausanne
Thomas Werge: University of Copenhagen
Fernando Racimo: University of Copenhagen
Kristian Kristiansen: University of Copenhagen
Eske Willerslev: University of Copenhagen

Nature, 2024, vol. 625, issue 7994, 301-311

Abstract: Abstract Western Eurasia witnessed several large-scale human migrations during the Holocene1–5. Here, to investigate the cross-continental effects of these migrations, we shotgun-sequenced 317 genomes—mainly from the Mesolithic and Neolithic periods—from across northern and western Eurasia. These were imputed alongside published data to obtain diploid genotypes from more than 1,600 ancient humans. Our analyses revealed a ‘great divide’ genomic boundary extending from the Black Sea to the Baltic. Mesolithic hunter-gatherers were highly genetically differentiated east and west of this zone, and the effect of the neolithization was equally disparate. Large-scale ancestry shifts occurred in the west as farming was introduced, including near-total replacement of hunter-gatherers in many areas, whereas no substantial ancestry shifts happened east of the zone during the same period. Similarly, relatedness decreased in the west from the Neolithic transition onwards, whereas, east of the Urals, relatedness remained high until around 4,000 bp, consistent with the persistence of localized groups of hunter-gatherers. The boundary dissolved when Yamnaya-related ancestry spread across western Eurasia around 5,000 bp, resulting in a second major turnover that reached most parts of Europe within a 1,000-year span. The genetic origin and fate of the Yamnaya have remained elusive, but we show that hunter-gatherers from the Middle Don region contributed ancestry to them. Yamnaya groups later admixed with individuals associated with the Globular Amphora culture before expanding into Europe. Similar turnovers occurred in western Siberia, where we report new genomic data from a ‘Neolithic steppe’ cline spanning the Siberian forest steppe to Lake Baikal. These prehistoric migrations had profound and lasting effects on the genetic diversity of Eurasian populations.

Date: 2024
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DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06865-0

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