Rapid groundwater decline and some cases of recovery in aquifers globally

Scott Jasechko (), Hansjörg Seybold, Debra Perrone, Ying Fan, Mohammad Shamsudduha, Richard G. Taylor, Othman Fallatah and James W. Kirchner
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Scott Jasechko: University of California, Santa Barbara
Hansjörg Seybold: ETH Zürich
Debra Perrone: University of California, Santa Barbara
Ying Fan: Rutgers University
Mohammad Shamsudduha: University College London
Richard G. Taylor: University College London
Othman Fallatah: King Abdulaziz University
James W. Kirchner: ETH Zürich

Nature, 2024, vol. 625, issue 7996, 715-721

Abstract: Abstract Groundwater resources are vital to ecosystems and livelihoods. Excessive groundwater withdrawals can cause groundwater levels to decline1–10, resulting in seawater intrusion11, land subsidence12,13, streamflow depletion14–16 and wells running dry17. However, the global pace and prevalence of local groundwater declines are poorly constrained, because in situ groundwater levels have not been synthesized at the global scale. Here we analyse in situ groundwater-level trends for 170,000 monitoring wells and 1,693 aquifer systems in countries that encompass approximately 75% of global groundwater withdrawals18. We show that rapid groundwater-level declines (>0.5 m year−1) are widespread in the twenty-first century, especially in dry regions with extensive croplands. Critically, we also show that groundwater-level declines have accelerated over the past four decades in 30% of the world’s regional aquifers. This widespread acceleration in groundwater-level deepening highlights an urgent need for more effective measures to address groundwater depletion. Our analysis also reveals specific cases in which depletion trends have reversed following policy changes, managed aquifer recharge and surface-water diversions, demonstrating the potential for depleted aquifer systems to recover.

Date: 2024
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DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06879-8

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