A dynamical measure of the black hole mass in a quasar 11 billion years ago

Abuter, R.; Allouche, F.; Amorim, A.; Bailet, C.; Berdeu, A.; Berger, J.-P.; Berio, P.; Bigioli, A.; Boebion, O.; Bolzer, M.-L.; Bonnet, H.; Bourdarot, G.; Bourget, P.; Brandner, W.; Cao, Y.; Conzelmann, R.; Comin, M.; Clénet, Y.; Courtney-Barrer, B.; Davies, R.; Defrère, D.; Delboulbé, A.; Delplancke-Ströbele, F.; Dembet, R.; Dexter, J.; Zeeuw, P. T.; Drescher, A.; Eckart, A.; Édouard, C.; Eisenhauer, F.; Fabricius, M.; Feuchtgruber, H.; Finger, G.; Schreiber, N. M. Förster; Garcia, P.; Lopez, R. Garcia; Gao, F.; Gendron, E.; Genzel, R.; Gil, J. P.; Gillessen, S.; Gomes, T.; Gonté, F.; Gouvret, C.; Guajardo, P.; Guieu, S.; Hackenberg, W.; Haddad, N.; Hartl, M.; Haubois, X.; Haußmann, F.; Heißel, G.; Henning, Th.; Hippler, S.; Hönig, S. F.; Horrobin, M.; Hubin, N.; Jacqmart, E.; Jocou, L.; Kaufer, A.; Kervella, P.; Kolb, J.; Korhonen, H.; Lacour, S.; Lagarde, S.; Lai, O.; Lapeyrère, V.; Laugier, R.; Bouquin, J.-B.; Leftley, J.; Léna, P.; Lewis, S.; Liu, D.; Lopez, B.; Lutz, D.; Magnard, Y.; Mang, F.; Marcotto, A.; Maurel, D.; Mérand, A.; Millour, F.; More, N.; Netzer, H.; Nowacki, H.; Nowak, M.; Oberti, S.; Ott, T.; Pallanca, L.; Paumard, T.; Perraut, K.; Perrin, G.; Petrov, R.; Pfuhl, O.; Pourré, N.; Rabien, S.; Rau, C.; Riquelme, M.; Robbe-Dubois, S.; Rochat, S.; Salman, M.; Sanchez-Bermudez, J.; Santos, D. J. D.; Scheithauer, S.; Schöller, M.; Schubert, J.; Schuhler, N.; Shangguan, J.; Shchekaturov, P.; Shimizu, T. T.; Sevin, A.; Soulez, F.; Spang, A.; Stadler, E.; Sternberg, A.; Straubmeier, C.; Sturm, E.; Sykes, C.; Tacconi, L. J.; Tristram, K. R. W.; Vincent, F.; Fellenberg, S.; Uysal, S.; Widmann, F.; Wieprecht, E.; Wiezorrek, E.; Woillez, J.; Zins, G.

A dynamical measure of the black hole mass in a quasar 11 billion years ago

R. Abuter, F. Allouche, A. Amorim, C. Bailet, A. Berdeu, J.-P. Berger, P. Berio, A. Bigioli, O. Boebion, M.-L. Bolzer, H. Bonnet, G. Bourdarot, P. Bourget, W. Brandner, Y. Cao, R. Conzelmann, M. Comin, Y. Clénet, B. Courtney-Barrer, R. Davies, D. Defrère, A. Delboulbé, F. Delplancke-Ströbele, R. Dembet, J. Dexter, P. T. Zeeuw, A. Drescher, A. Eckart, C. Édouard, F. Eisenhauer, M. Fabricius, H. Feuchtgruber, G. Finger, N. M. Förster Schreiber, P. Garcia, R. Garcia Lopez, F. Gao, E. Gendron, R. Genzel, J. P. Gil, S. Gillessen, T. Gomes, F. Gonté, C. Gouvret, P. Guajardo, S. Guieu, W. Hackenberg, N. Haddad, M. Hartl, X. Haubois, F. Haußmann, G. Heißel, Th. Henning, S. Hippler, S. F. Hönig, M. Horrobin, N. Hubin, E. Jacqmart, L. Jocou, A. Kaufer, P. Kervella, J. Kolb, H. Korhonen, S. Lacour, S. Lagarde, O. Lai, V. Lapeyrère, R. Laugier, J.-B. Bouquin, J. Leftley, P. Léna, S. Lewis, D. Liu, B. Lopez, D. Lutz, Y. Magnard, F. Mang, A. Marcotto, D. Maurel, A. Mérand, F. Millour, N. More, H. Netzer, H. Nowacki, M. Nowak, S. Oberti, T. Ott, L. Pallanca, T. Paumard, K. Perraut, G. Perrin, R. Petrov, O. Pfuhl, N. Pourré, S. Rabien, C. Rau, M. Riquelme, S. Robbe-Dubois, S. Rochat, M. Salman, J. Sanchez-Bermudez, D. J. D. Santos, S. Scheithauer, M. Schöller, J. Schubert, N. Schuhler, J. Shangguan, P. Shchekaturov, T. T. Shimizu (), A. Sevin, F. Soulez, A. Spang, E. Stadler, A. Sternberg, C. Straubmeier, E. Sturm, C. Sykes, L. J. Tacconi, K. R. W. Tristram, F. Vincent, S. Fellenberg, S. Uysal, F. Widmann, E. Wieprecht, E. Wiezorrek, J. Woillez and G. Zins
Additional contact information
R. Abuter: European Southern Observatory
F. Allouche: Université Côte d’Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange
A. Amorim: Universidade de Lisboa
C. Bailet: Université Côte d’Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange
A. Berdeu: Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, CNRS
J.-P. Berger: Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IPAG
P. Berio: Université Côte d’Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange
A. Bigioli: KU Leuven
O. Boebion: Université Côte d’Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange
M.-L. Bolzer: Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics
H. Bonnet: European Southern Observatory
G. Bourdarot: Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics
P. Bourget: European Southern Observatory
W. Brandner: Max Planck Institute for Astronomy
Y. Cao: Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics
R. Conzelmann: European Southern Observatory
M. Comin: European Southern Observatory
Y. Clénet: Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, CNRS
B. Courtney-Barrer: European Southern Observatory
R. Davies: Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics
D. Defrère: KU Leuven
A. Delboulbé: Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IPAG
F. Delplancke-Ströbele: European Southern Observatory
R. Dembet: Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, CNRS
J. Dexter: University of Colorado Boulder
P. T. Zeeuw: Leiden University
A. Drescher: Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics
A. Eckart: Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy
C. Édouard: Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, CNRS
F. Eisenhauer: Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics
M. Fabricius: Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics
H. Feuchtgruber: Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics
G. Finger: Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics
N. M. Förster Schreiber: Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics
P. Garcia: Universidade de Lisboa
R. Garcia Lopez: University College Dublin, Belfield
F. Gao: Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy
E. Gendron: Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, CNRS
R. Genzel: Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics
J. P. Gil: European Southern Observatory
S. Gillessen: Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics
T. Gomes: Universidade de Lisboa
F. Gonté: European Southern Observatory
C. Gouvret: Université Côte d’Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange
P. Guajardo: European Southern Observatory
S. Guieu: Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IPAG
W. Hackenberg: European Southern Observatory
N. Haddad: European Southern Observatory
M. Hartl: Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics
X. Haubois: European Southern Observatory
F. Haußmann: Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics
G. Heißel: Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, CNRS
Th. Henning: Max Planck Institute for Astronomy
S. Hippler: Max Planck Institute for Astronomy
S. F. Hönig: University of Southampton
M. Horrobin: University of Cologne
N. Hubin: European Southern Observatory
E. Jacqmart: Université Côte d’Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange
L. Jocou: Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IPAG
A. Kaufer: European Southern Observatory
P. Kervella: Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, CNRS
J. Kolb: European Southern Observatory
H. Korhonen: European Southern Observatory
S. Lacour: European Southern Observatory
S. Lagarde: Université Côte d’Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange
O. Lai: Université Côte d’Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange
V. Lapeyrère: Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, CNRS
R. Laugier: KU Leuven
J.-B. Bouquin: Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IPAG
J. Leftley: Université Côte d’Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange
P. Léna: Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, CNRS
S. Lewis: European Southern Observatory
D. Liu: Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics
B. Lopez: Université Côte d’Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange
D. Lutz: Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics
Y. Magnard: Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IPAG
F. Mang: Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics
A. Marcotto: Université Côte d’Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange
D. Maurel: Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IPAG
A. Mérand: European Southern Observatory
F. Millour: Université Côte d’Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange
N. More: Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics
H. Netzer: Tel Aviv University
H. Nowacki: Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IPAG
M. Nowak: University of Cambridge
S. Oberti: European Southern Observatory
T. Ott: Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics
L. Pallanca: European Southern Observatory
T. Paumard: Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, CNRS
K. Perraut: Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IPAG
G. Perrin: Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, CNRS
R. Petrov: Université Côte d’Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange
O. Pfuhl: European Southern Observatory
N. Pourré: Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IPAG
S. Rabien: Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics
C. Rau: Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics
M. Riquelme: European Southern Observatory
S. Robbe-Dubois: Université Côte d’Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange
S. Rochat: Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IPAG
M. Salman: KU Leuven
J. Sanchez-Bermudez: Max Planck Institute for Astronomy
D. J. D. Santos: Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics
S. Scheithauer: Max Planck Institute for Astronomy
M. Schöller: European Southern Observatory
J. Schubert: Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics
N. Schuhler: European Southern Observatory
J. Shangguan: Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics
P. Shchekaturov: European Southern Observatory
T. T. Shimizu: Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics
A. Sevin: Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, CNRS
F. Soulez: Univ. Lyon, Univ. Lyon 1, ENS de Lyon, CNRS, Centre de Recherche Astrophysique de Lyon UMR5574
A. Spang: Université Côte d’Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange
E. Stadler: Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IPAG
A. Sternberg: Tel Aviv University
C. Straubmeier: University of Cologne
E. Sturm: Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics
C. Sykes: University of Southampton
L. J. Tacconi: Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics
K. R. W. Tristram: European Southern Observatory
F. Vincent: Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, CNRS
S. Fellenberg: Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy
S. Uysal: Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics
F. Widmann: Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics
E. Wieprecht: Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics
E. Wiezorrek: Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics
J. Woillez: European Southern Observatory
G. Zins: European Southern Observatory

Nature, 2024, vol. 627, issue 8003, 281-285

Abstract: Abstract Tight relationships exist in the local Universe between the central stellar properties of galaxies and the mass of their supermassive black hole (SMBH)1–3. These suggest that galaxies and black holes co-evolve, with the main regulation mechanism being energetic feedback from accretion onto the black hole during its quasar phase4–6. A crucial question is how the relationship between black holes and galaxies evolves with time; a key epoch to examine this relationship is at the peaks of star formation and black hole growth 8–12 billion years ago (redshifts 1–3)7. Here we report a dynamical measurement of the mass of the black hole in a luminous quasar at a redshift of 2, with a look back in time of 11 billion years, by spatially resolving the broad-line region (BLR). We detect a 40-μas (0.31-pc) spatial offset between the red and blue photocentres of the Hα line that traces the velocity gradient of a rotating BLR. The flux and differential phase spectra are well reproduced by a thick, moderately inclined disk of gas clouds within the sphere of influence of a central black hole with a mass of 3.2 × 108 solar masses. Molecular gas data reveal a dynamical mass for the host galaxy of 6 × 1011 solar masses, which indicates an undermassive black hole accreting at a super-Eddington rate. This suggests a host galaxy that grew faster than the SMBH, indicating a delay between galaxy and black hole formation for some systems.

Date: 2024
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DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07053-4

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