High-fidelity spin qubit operation and algorithmic initialization above 1 K

Jonathan Y. Huang (), Rocky Y. Su, Wee Han Lim, MengKe Feng, Barnaby Straaten, Brandon Severin, Will Gilbert, Nard Dumoulin Stuyck, Tuomo Tanttu, Santiago Serrano, Jesus D. Cifuentes, Ingvild Hansen, Amanda E. Seedhouse, Ensar Vahapoglu, Ross C. C. Leon, Nikolay V. Abrosimov, Hans-Joachim Pohl, Michael L. W. Thewalt, Fay E. Hudson, Christopher C. Escott, Natalia Ares, Stephen D. Bartlett, Andrea Morello, Andre Saraiva, Arne Laucht, Andrew S. Dzurak () and Chih Hwan Yang ()
Additional contact information
Jonathan Y. Huang: University of New South Wales
Rocky Y. Su: University of New South Wales
Wee Han Lim: University of New South Wales
MengKe Feng: University of New South Wales
Barnaby Straaten: University of Oxford
Brandon Severin: University of New South Wales
Will Gilbert: University of New South Wales
Nard Dumoulin Stuyck: University of New South Wales
Tuomo Tanttu: University of New South Wales
Santiago Serrano: University of New South Wales
Jesus D. Cifuentes: University of New South Wales
Ingvild Hansen: University of New South Wales
Amanda E. Seedhouse: University of New South Wales
Ensar Vahapoglu: University of New South Wales
Ross C. C. Leon: University of New South Wales
Nikolay V. Abrosimov: Leibniz-Institut für Kristallzüchtung
Hans-Joachim Pohl: VITCON Projectconsult
Michael L. W. Thewalt: Simon Fraser University
Fay E. Hudson: University of New South Wales
Christopher C. Escott: University of New South Wales
Natalia Ares: University of Oxford
Stephen D. Bartlett: University of Sydney
Andrea Morello: University of New South Wales
Andre Saraiva: University of New South Wales
Arne Laucht: University of New South Wales
Andrew S. Dzurak: University of New South Wales
Chih Hwan Yang: University of New South Wales

Nature, 2024, vol. 627, issue 8005, 772-777

Abstract: Abstract The encoding of qubits in semiconductor spin carriers has been recognized as a promising approach to a commercial quantum computer that can be lithographically produced and integrated at scale1–10. However, the operation of the large number of qubits required for advantageous quantum applications11–13 will produce a thermal load exceeding the available cooling power of cryostats at millikelvin temperatures. As the scale-up accelerates, it becomes imperative to establish fault-tolerant operation above 1 K, at which the cooling power is orders of magnitude higher14–18. Here we tune up and operate spin qubits in silicon above 1 K, with fidelities in the range required for fault-tolerant operations at these temperatures19–21. We design an algorithmic initialization protocol to prepare a pure two-qubit state even when the thermal energy is substantially above the qubit energies and incorporate radiofrequency readout to achieve fidelities up to 99.34% for both readout and initialization. We also demonstrate single-qubit Clifford gate fidelities up to 99.85% and a two-qubit gate fidelity of 98.92%. These advances overcome the fundamental limitation that the thermal energy must be well below the qubit energies for the high-fidelity operation to be possible, surmounting a main obstacle in the pathway to scalable and fault-tolerant quantum computation.

Date: 2024
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DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07160-2

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