Benchmarking highly entangled states on a 60-atom analogue quantum simulator

Adam L. Shaw (), Zhuo Chen, Joonhee Choi, Daniel K. Mark, Pascal Scholl, Ran Finkelstein, Andreas Elben, Soonwon Choi () and Manuel Endres ()
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Adam L. Shaw: California Institute of Technology
Zhuo Chen: Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Joonhee Choi: California Institute of Technology
Daniel K. Mark: Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Pascal Scholl: California Institute of Technology
Ran Finkelstein: California Institute of Technology
Andreas Elben: California Institute of Technology
Soonwon Choi: Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Manuel Endres: California Institute of Technology

Nature, 2024, vol. 628, issue 8006, 71-77

Abstract: Abstract Quantum systems have entered a competitive regime in which classical computers must make approximations to represent highly entangled quantum states1,2. However, in this beyond-classically-exact regime, fidelity comparisons between quantum and classical systems have so far been limited to digital quantum devices2–5, and it remains unsolved how to estimate the actual entanglement content of experiments6. Here, we perform fidelity benchmarking and mixed-state entanglement estimation with a 60-atom analogue Rydberg quantum simulator, reaching a high-entanglement entropy regime in which exact classical simulation becomes impractical. Our benchmarking protocol involves extrapolation from comparisons against an approximate classical algorithm, introduced here, with varying entanglement limits. We then develop and demonstrate an estimator of the experimental mixed-state entanglement6, finding our experiment is competitive with state-of-the-art digital quantum devices performing random circuit evolution2–5. Finally, we compare the experimental fidelity against that achieved by various approximate classical algorithms, and find that only the algorithm we introduce is able to keep pace with the experiment on the classical hardware we use. Our results enable a new model for evaluating the ability of both analogue and digital quantum devices to generate entanglement in the beyond-classically-exact regime, and highlight the evolving divide between quantum and classical systems.

Date: 2024
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DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07173-x

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