Distinct µ-opioid ensembles trigger positive and negative fentanyl reinforcement

Fabrice Chaudun, Laurena Python, Yu Liu, Agnes Hiver, Jennifer Cand, Brigitte L. Kieffer, Emmanuel Valjent and Christian Lüscher ()
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Fabrice Chaudun: University of Geneva
Laurena Python: University of Geneva
Yu Liu: University of Geneva
Agnes Hiver: University of Geneva
Jennifer Cand: University of Geneva
Brigitte L. Kieffer: University of Strasbourg Institute for Advanced Study
Emmanuel Valjent: Inserm
Christian Lüscher: University of Geneva

Nature, 2024, vol. 630, issue 8015, 141-148

Abstract: Abstract Fentanyl is a powerful painkiller that elicits euphoria and positive reinforcement1. Fentanyl also leads to dependence, defined by the aversive withdrawal syndrome, which fuels negative reinforcement2,3 (that is, individuals retake the drug to avoid withdrawal). Positive and negative reinforcement maintain opioid consumption, which leads to addiction in one-fourth of users, the largest fraction for all addictive drugs4. Among the opioid receptors, µ-opioid receptors have a key role5, yet the induction loci of circuit adaptations that eventually lead to addiction remain unknown. Here we injected mice with fentanyl to acutely inhibit γ-aminobutyric acid-expressing neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA), causing disinhibition of dopamine neurons, which eventually increased dopamine in the nucleus accumbens. Knockdown of µ-opioid receptors in VTA abolished dopamine transients and positive reinforcement, but withdrawal remained unchanged. We identified neurons expressing µ-opioid receptors in the central amygdala (CeA) whose activity was enhanced during withdrawal. Knockdown of µ-opioid receptors in CeA eliminated aversive symptoms, suggesting that they mediate negative reinforcement. Thus, optogenetic stimulation caused place aversion, and mice readily learned to press a lever to pause optogenetic stimulation of CeA neurons that express µ-opioid receptors. Our study parses the neuronal populations that trigger positive and negative reinforcement in VTA and CeA, respectively. We lay out the circuit organization to develop interventions for reducing fentanyl addiction and facilitating rehabilitation.

Date: 2024
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DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07440-x

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