Amazon forest biogeography predicts resilience and vulnerability to drought

Shuli Chen (), Scott C. Stark, Antonio Donato Nobre, Luz Adriana Cuartas, Diogo Jesus Amore, Natalia Restrepo-Coupe, Marielle N. Smith, Rutuja Chitra-Tarak, Hongseok Ko, Bruce W. Nelson and Scott R. Saleska ()
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Shuli Chen: University of Arizona
Scott C. Stark: Michigan State University
Antonio Donato Nobre: National Institute for Space Research (INPE)
Luz Adriana Cuartas: National Center for Monitoring and Early Warning of Natural Disasters (CEMADEN)
Diogo Jesus Amore: National Center for Monitoring and Early Warning of Natural Disasters (CEMADEN)
Natalia Restrepo-Coupe: University of Arizona
Marielle N. Smith: Michigan State University
Rutuja Chitra-Tarak: Earth and Environmental Sciences
Hongseok Ko: University of Arizona
Bruce W. Nelson: Brazil’s National Institute for Amazon Research (INPA)
Scott R. Saleska: University of Arizona

Nature, 2024, vol. 631, issue 8019, 111-117

Abstract: Abstract Amazonia contains the most extensive tropical forests on Earth, but Amazon carbon sinks of atmospheric CO2 are declining, as deforestation and climate-change-associated droughts1–4 threaten to push these forests past a tipping point towards collapse5–8. Forests exhibit complex drought responses, indicating both resilience (photosynthetic greening) and vulnerability (browning and tree mortality), that are difficult to explain by climate variation alone9–17. Here we combine remotely sensed photosynthetic indices with ground-measured tree demography to identify mechanisms underlying drought resilience/vulnerability in different intact forest ecotopes18,19 (defined by water-table depth, soil fertility and texture, and vegetation characteristics). In higher-fertility southern Amazonia, drought response was structured by water-table depth, with resilient greening in shallow-water-table forests (where greater water availability heightened response to excess sunlight), contrasting with vulnerability (browning and excess tree mortality) over deeper water tables. Notably, the resilience of shallow-water-table forest weakened as drought lengthened. By contrast, lower-fertility northern Amazonia, with slower-growing but hardier trees (or, alternatively, tall forests, with deep-rooted water access), supported more-drought-resilient forests independent of water-table depth. This functional biogeography of drought response provides a framework for conservation decisions and improved predictions of heterogeneous forest responses to future climate changes, warning that Amazonia’s most productive forests are also at greatest risk, and that longer/more frequent droughts are undermining multiple ecohydrological strategies and capacities for Amazon forest resilience.

Date: 2024
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DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07568-w

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