Surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 at the Huanan Seafood Market

William J. Liu (), Peipei Liu, Wenwen Lei, Zhiyuan Jia, Xiaozhou He, Weifeng Shi, Yun Tan, Shumei Zou, Gary Wong, Ji Wang, Feng Wang, Gang Wang, Kun Qin, Rongbao Gao, Jie Zhang, Min Li, Wenling Xiao, Yuanyuan Guo, Ziqian Xu, Yingze Zhao, Jingdong Song, Jing Zhang, Wei Zhen, Wenting Zhou, Beiwei Ye, Juan Song, Mengjie Yang, Weimin Zhou, Yuting Dai, Gang Lu, Yuhai Bi, Wenjie Tan, Jun Han, George F. Gao () and Guizhen Wu ()
Additional contact information
William J. Liu: Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC)
Peipei Liu: Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC)
Wenwen Lei: Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC)
Zhiyuan Jia: Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC)
Xiaozhou He: Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC)
Weifeng Shi: Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases in Universities of Shandong, Shandong First Medical University, and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences
Yun Tan: Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University (SJTU) School of Medicine
Shumei Zou: Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC)
Gary Wong: Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)
Ji Wang: Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC)
Feng Wang: Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC)
Gang Wang: Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC)
Kun Qin: Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC)
Rongbao Gao: Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC)
Jie Zhang: Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC)
Min Li: Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC)
Wenling Xiao: Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC)
Yuanyuan Guo: Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC)
Ziqian Xu: Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC)
Yingze Zhao: Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC)
Jingdong Song: Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC)
Jing Zhang: Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC)
Wei Zhen: Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC)
Wenting Zhou: Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC)
Beiwei Ye: Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC)
Juan Song: Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC)
Mengjie Yang: Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC)
Weimin Zhou: Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC)
Yuting Dai: Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University (SJTU) School of Medicine
Gang Lu: Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University (SJTU) School of Medicine
Yuhai Bi: Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)
Wenjie Tan: Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC)
Jun Han: Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC)
George F. Gao: Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC)
Guizhen Wu: Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC)

Nature, 2024, vol. 631, issue 8020, 402-408

Abstract: Abstract Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of coronavirus disease 2019, emerged in December 2019. Its origins remain uncertain. It has been reported that a number of the early human cases of coronavirus disease 2019 had a history of contact with the Huanan Seafood Market. Here we present the results of surveillance for SARS-CoV-2 within the market. From 1 January 2020, after closure of the market, 923 samples were collected from the environment. From 18 January, 457 samples were collected from 18 species of animal, comprising unsold contents of refrigerators and freezers, swabs from stray animals and the contents of a fish tank. Using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and high-throughput sequencing (Bowtie2 analysis), SARS-CoV-2 was detected in 74 (70 RT-qPCR and 4 Bowtie2) environmental samples, but none of the animal samples. Three live viruses were successfully isolated. The viruses from the market shared a nucleotide identity of 99.99% to 100% with the human isolate HCoV-19/Wuhan/IVDC-HB-01/2019. SARS-CoV-2 lineage A (8782T and 28144C) was found in an environmental sample. RNA-sequencing analysis of SARS-CoV-2-positive and SARS-CoV-2-negative environmental samples showed an abundance of different vertebrate genera at the market. In summary, this study provides information about the distribution and prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in the Huanan Seafood Market during the early stages of the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019.

Date: 2024
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DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06043-2

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