Pathogenicity and transmissibility of bovine H5N1 influenza virus

Amie J. Eisfeld, Asim Biswas, Lizheng Guan, Chunyang Gu, Tadashi Maemura, Sanja Trifkovic, Tong Wang, Lavanya Babujee, Randall Dahn, Peter J. Halfmann, Tera Barnhardt, Gabriele Neumann, Yasuo Suzuki, Alexis Thompson, Amy K. Swinford, Kiril M. Dimitrov, Keith Poulsen and Yoshihiro Kawaoka ()
Additional contact information
Amie J. Eisfeld: University of Wisconsin-Madison
Asim Biswas: University of Wisconsin-Madison
Lizheng Guan: University of Wisconsin-Madison
Chunyang Gu: University of Wisconsin-Madison
Tadashi Maemura: University of Wisconsin-Madison
Sanja Trifkovic: University of Wisconsin-Madison
Tong Wang: University of Wisconsin-Madison
Lavanya Babujee: University of Wisconsin-Madison
Randall Dahn: University of Wisconsin-Madison
Peter J. Halfmann: University of Wisconsin-Madison
Tera Barnhardt: Heritage Vet Partners
Gabriele Neumann: University of Wisconsin-Madison
Yasuo Suzuki: University of Shizuoka
Alexis Thompson: Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory
Amy K. Swinford: Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory
Kiril M. Dimitrov: Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory
Keith Poulsen: University of Wisconsin-Madison
Yoshihiro Kawaoka: University of Wisconsin-Madison

Nature, 2024, vol. 633, issue 8029, 426-432

Abstract: Abstract Highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza (HPAI H5N1) viruses occasionally infect, but typically do not transmit, in mammals. In the spring of 2024, an unprecedented outbreak of HPAI H5N1 in bovine herds occurred in the USA, with virus spread within and between herds, infections in poultry and cats, and spillover into humans, collectively indicating an increased public health risk1–4. Here we characterize an HPAI H5N1 virus isolated from infected cow milk in mice and ferrets. Like other HPAI H5N1 viruses, the bovine H5N1 virus spread systemically, including to the mammary glands of both species, however, this tropism was also observed for an older HPAI H5N1 virus isolate. Bovine HPAI H5N1 virus bound to sialic acids expressed in human upper airways and inefficiently transmitted to exposed ferrets (one of four exposed ferrets seroconverted without virus detection). Bovine HPAI H5N1 virus thus possesses features that may facilitate infection and transmission in mammals.

Date: 2024
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DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07766-6

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