Fate induction in CD8 CAR T cells through asymmetric cell division

Casey S. Lee, Sisi Chen, Corbett T. Berry, Andre R. Kelly, Patrick J. Herman, Sangwook Oh, Roddy S. O’Connor, Aimee S. Payne () and Christoph T. Ellebrecht ()
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Casey S. Lee: University of Pennsylvania
Sisi Chen: University of Pennsylvania
Corbett T. Berry: University of Pennsylvania
Andre R. Kelly: University of Pennsylvania
Patrick J. Herman: University of Pennsylvania
Sangwook Oh: Hallym University
Roddy S. O’Connor: University of Pennsylvania
Aimee S. Payne: Columbia University
Christoph T. Ellebrecht: University of Pennsylvania

Nature, 2024, vol. 633, issue 8030, 670-677

Abstract: Abstract Early expansion and long-term persistence predict efficacy of chimeric antigen receptor T cells (CARTs)1–7, but mechanisms governing effector versus memory CART differentiation and whether asymmetric cell division induces differential fates in human CARTs remain unclear. Here we show that target-induced proximity labelling enables isolation of first-division proximal-daughter and distal-daughter CD8 CARTs that asymmetrically distribute their surface proteome and transcriptome, resulting in divergent fates. Target-engaged CARs remain on proximal daughters, which inherit a surface proteome resembling activated-undivided CARTs, whereas the endogenous T cell receptor and CD8 enrich on distal daughters, whose surface proteome resembles resting CARTs, correlating with glycolytic and oxidative metabolism, respectively. Despite memory-precursor phenotype and in vivo longevity, distal daughters demonstrate transient potent cytolytic activity similar to proximal daughters, uncovering an effector-like state in distal daughters destined to become memory CARTs. Both partitioning of pre-existing transcripts and changes in RNA velocity contribute to asymmetry of fate-determining factors, resulting in diametrically opposed transcriptional trajectories. Independent of naive, memory or effector surface immunophenotype, proximal-daughter CARTs use core sets of transcription factors known to support proliferation and effector function. Conversely, transcription factors enriched in distal daughters restrain differentiation and promote longevity, evidenced by diminished long-term in vivo persistence and function of distal-daughter CARTs after IKZF1 disruption. These studies establish asymmetric cell division as a framework for understanding mechanisms of CART differentiation and improving therapeutic outcomes.

Date: 2024
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DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07862-7

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