Spillover of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus to dairy cattle

Leonardo C. Caserta, Elisha A. Frye, Salman L. Butt, Melissa Laverack, Mohammed Nooruzzaman, Lina M. Covaleda, Alexis C. Thompson, Melanie Prarat Koscielny, Brittany Cronk, Ashley Johnson, Katie Kleinhenz, Erin E. Edwards, Gabriel Gomez, Gavin Hitchener, Mathias Martins, Darrell R. Kapczynski, David L. Suarez, Ellen Ruth Alexander Morris, Terry Hensley, John S. Beeby, Manigandan Lejeune, Amy K. Swinford, François Elvinger, Kiril M. Dimitrov () and Diego G. Diel ()
Additional contact information
Leonardo C. Caserta: Cornell University
Elisha A. Frye: Cornell University
Salman L. Butt: Cornell University
Melissa Laverack: Cornell University
Mohammed Nooruzzaman: Cornell University
Lina M. Covaleda: Cornell University
Alexis C. Thompson: Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory
Melanie Prarat Koscielny: Ohio Department of Agriculture
Brittany Cronk: Cornell University
Ashley Johnson: Ohio Department of Agriculture
Katie Kleinhenz: Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory
Erin E. Edwards: Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory
Gabriel Gomez: Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory
Gavin Hitchener: Cornell University
Mathias Martins: Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory
Darrell R. Kapczynski: United States Department of Agriculture
David L. Suarez: United States Department of Agriculture
Ellen Ruth Alexander Morris: Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory
Terry Hensley: Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory
John S. Beeby: Cornell University
Manigandan Lejeune: Cornell University
Amy K. Swinford: Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory
François Elvinger: Cornell University
Kiril M. Dimitrov: Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory
Diego G. Diel: Cornell University

Nature, 2024, vol. 634, issue 8034, 669-676

Abstract: Abstract The highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 virus clade 2.3.4.4b has caused the death of millions of domestic birds and thousands of wild birds in the USA since January 2022 (refs. 1–4). Throughout this outbreak, spillovers to mammals have been frequently documented5–12. Here we report spillover of the HPAI H5N1 virus to dairy cattle across several states in the USA. The affected cows displayed clinical signs encompassing decreased feed intake, altered faecal consistency, respiratory distress and decreased milk production with abnormal milk. Infectious virus and viral RNA were consistently detected in milk from affected cows. Viral distribution in tissues via immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization revealed a distinct tropism of the virus for the epithelial cells lining the alveoli of the mammary gland in cows. Whole viral genome sequences recovered from dairy cows, birds, domestic cats and a raccoon from affected farms indicated multidirectional interspecies transmissions. Epidemiological and genomic data revealed efficient cow-to-cow transmission after apparently healthy cows from an affected farm were transported to a premise in a different state. These results demonstrate the transmission of the HPAI H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b virus at a non-traditional interface, underscoring the ability of the virus to cross species barriers.

Date: 2024
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DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07849-4

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