Phages reconstitute NAD+ to counter bacterial immunity

Ilya Osterman (), Hadar Samra, Francois Rousset, Elena Loseva, Maxim Itkin, Sergey Malitsky, Erez Yirmiya, Adi Millman and Rotem Sorek ()
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Ilya Osterman: Weizmann Institute of Science
Hadar Samra: Weizmann Institute of Science
Francois Rousset: Weizmann Institute of Science
Elena Loseva: Weizmann Institute of Science
Maxim Itkin: Weizmann Institute of Science
Sergey Malitsky: Weizmann Institute of Science
Erez Yirmiya: Weizmann Institute of Science
Adi Millman: Weizmann Institute of Science
Rotem Sorek: Weizmann Institute of Science

Nature, 2024, vol. 634, issue 8036, 1160-1167

Abstract: Abstract Bacteria defend against phage infection through a variety of antiphage defence systems1. Many defence systems were recently shown to deplete cellular nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) in response to infection, by cleaving NAD+ into ADP-ribose (ADPR) and nicotinamide2–7. It was demonstrated that NAD+ depletion during infection deprives the phage of this essential molecule and impedes phage replication. Here we show that a substantial fraction of phages possess enzymatic pathways allowing reconstitution of NAD+ from its degradation products in infected cells. We describe NAD+ reconstitution pathway 1 (NARP1), a two-step pathway in which one enzyme phosphorylates ADPR to generate ADPR pyrophosphate (ADPR-PP), and the second enzyme conjugates ADPR-PP and nicotinamide to generate NAD+. Phages encoding NARP1 can overcome a diverse set of defence systems, including Thoeris, DSR1, DSR2, SIR2–HerA and SEFIR, all of which deplete NAD+ as part of their defensive mechanism. Phylogenetic analyses show that NARP1 is primarily encoded on phage genomes, suggesting a phage-specific function in countering bacterial defences. A second pathway, NARP2, allows phages to overcome bacterial defences by building NAD+ using metabolites different from ADPR-PP. Our findings reveal a unique immune evasion strategy in which viruses rebuild molecules depleted by defence systems, thus overcoming host immunity.

Date: 2024
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DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07986-w

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