Elemental cryo-imaging reveals SOS1-dependent vacuolar sodium accumulation

Priya Ramakrishna (), Francisco M. Gámez-Arjona, Etienne Bellani, Cristina Martin-Olmos, Stéphane Escrig, Damien De Bellis, Anna De Luca, José M. Pardo, Francisco J. Quintero, Christel Genoud, Clara Sánchez-Rodriguez, Niko Geldner () and Anders Meibom ()
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Priya Ramakrishna: Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)
Francisco M. Gámez-Arjona: ETH Zürich
Etienne Bellani: Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)
Cristina Martin-Olmos: Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)
Stéphane Escrig: Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)
Damien De Bellis: University of Lausanne
Anna De Luca: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas and Universidad de Sevilla
José M. Pardo: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas and Universidad de Sevilla
Francisco J. Quintero: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas and Universidad de Sevilla
Christel Genoud: University of Lausanne
Clara Sánchez-Rodriguez: ETH Zürich
Niko Geldner: University of Lausanne
Anders Meibom: Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)

Nature, 2025, vol. 637, issue 8048, 1228-1233

Abstract: Abstract Increasing soil salinity causes significant crop losses globally; therefore, understanding plant responses to salt (sodium) stress is of high importance. Plants avoid sodium toxicity through subcellular compartmentation by intricate processes involving a high level of elemental interdependence. Current technologies to visualize sodium, in particular, together with other elements, are either indirect or lack in resolution. Here we used the newly developed cryo nanoscale secondary ion mass spectrometry ion microprobe1, which allows high-resolution elemental imaging of cryo-preserved samples and reveals the subcellular distributions of key macronutrients and micronutrients in root meristem cells of Arabidopsis and rice. We found an unexpected, concentration-dependent change in sodium distribution, switching from sodium accumulation in the cell walls at low external sodium concentrations to vacuolar accumulation at stressful concentrations. We conclude that, in root meristems, a key function of the NHX family sodium/proton antiporter SALT OVERLY SENSITIVE 1 (also known as Na+/H+ exchanger 7; SOS1/NHX7) is to sequester sodium into vacuoles, rather than extrusion of sodium into the extracellular space. This is corroborated by the use of new genomic, complementing fluorescently tagged SOS1 variants. We show that, in addition to the plasma membrane, SOS1 strongly accumulates at late endosome/prevacuoles as well as vacuoles, supporting a role of SOS1 in vacuolar sodium sequestration.

Date: 2025
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DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-08403-y

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