Two-Eyed Seeing and other Indigenous perspectives for neuroscience

J. Illes (), M. L. Perreault (), K. Bassil, J. G. Bjaalie, R. L. Taylor-Bragge, H. Chneiweiss, T. R. Gregory, B. N. Kumar, O. P. Matshabane, A. L. Svalastog and M. R. Velarde
Additional contact information
J. Illes: Neuroethics Canada, Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia
M. L. Perreault: Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph
K. Bassil: University Medical Center Utrecht
J. G. Bjaalie: Institute of Basic Medical Sciences
R. L. Taylor-Bragge: Birrarangga-Naarm, Wurundjeri-Boonwurrung Biik
H. Chneiweiss: Department of Neuroscience and INSERM Ethics Committee, Sorbonne Université
T. R. Gregory: Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph
B. N. Kumar: Norwegian Institute of Public Health
O. P. Matshabane: South African Medical Research Council/Stellenbosch University Genomics of Brain Disorders Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University
A. L. Svalastog: Østfold University College Fredrikstad
M. R. Velarde: University of Applied Sciences Geneva HES-SO, Geneva School of Health Science

Nature, 2025, vol. 638, issue 8049, 58-68

Abstract: Abstract The integration of Indigenous perspectives and knowledge with biomedical approaches in neurosciences can significantly broaden the understanding of the human brain and mind. Drawing upon the writings of Elders in Canada, we refer to this integration as Two-Eyed Seeing or Etuaptmumk. We discuss how Two-Eyed Seeing and other dual perspectives can bring both breadth of knowledge and humility to the development of research and clinical practices for brain health. In this forward-looking discussion, we include both traditional academic and non-academic traditions and the work of Indigenous scholars on methodologies, life, health, culture, language and history. To describe challenges and consider solutions, we offer broad strategies for allyship, humility and universalism and situate them in four specific examples pertaining to disability, suicide, migration and the environment. We further advance the power of Two-Eyed Seeing in the context of new considerations for communication and public engagement. Two-Eyed Seeing, per se, is only one approach, but as neuroscience becomes ever more global, inclusive and ethically proactive, it must universally see the world of brain and mental health through the eyes of both reductionism and holism.

Date: 2025
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DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-08437-2

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