Global sea-level rise in the early Holocene revealed from North Sea peats

Marc P. Hijma (), Sarah L. Bradley, Kim M. Cohen, Wouter Wal, Natasha L. M. Barlow, Bas Blank, Manfred Frechen, Rick Hennekam, Sytze Heteren, Patrick Kiden, Antonis Mavritsakis, Bart M. L. Meijninger, Gert-Jan Reichart, Lutz Reinhardt, Kenneth F. Rijsdijk, Annemiek Vink and Freek S. Busschers
Additional contact information
Marc P. Hijma: Deltares
Sarah L. Bradley: University of Sheffield
Kim M. Cohen: Utrecht University
Wouter Wal: Delft University of Technology
Natasha L. M. Barlow: Leeds University
Bas Blank: Delft University of Technology
Manfred Frechen: LIAG Institute for Applied Geophysics
Rick Hennekam: Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ)
Sytze Heteren: TNO – Geological Survey of the Netherlands
Patrick Kiden: TNO – Geological Survey of the Netherlands
Antonis Mavritsakis: Deltares
Bart M. L. Meijninger: TNO – Geological Survey of the Netherlands
Gert-Jan Reichart: Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ)
Lutz Reinhardt: Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe
Kenneth F. Rijsdijk: University of Amsterdam
Annemiek Vink: Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe
Freek S. Busschers: TNO – Geological Survey of the Netherlands

Nature, 2025, vol. 639, issue 8055, 652-657

Abstract: Abstract Rates of relative sea-level rise during the final stage of the last deglaciation, the early Holocene, are key to understanding future ice melt and sea-level change under a warming climate1. Data about these rates are scarce2, and this limits insight into the relative contributions of the North American and Antarctic ice sheets to global sea-level rise during the early Holocene. Here we present an early Holocene sea-level curve based on 88 sea-level data points (13.7–6.2 thousand years ago (ka)) from the North Sea (Doggerland3,4). After removing the pattern of regional glacial isostatic adjustment caused by the melting of the Eurasian Ice Sheet, the residual sea-level signal highlights two phases of accelerated sea-level rise. Meltwater sourced from the North American and Antarctic ice sheets drove these two phases, peaking around 10.3 ka and 8.3 ka with rates between 8 mm yr−1 and 9 mm yr−1. Our results also show that global mean sea-level rise between 11 ka and 3 ka amounted to 37.7 m (2σ range, 29.3–42.2 m), reconciling the mismatch that existed between estimates of global mean sea-level rise based on ice-sheet reconstructions and previously limited early Holocene sea-level data. With its broad spatiotemporal coverage, the North Sea dataset provides critical constraints on the patterns and rates of the late-stage deglaciation of the North American and Antarctic ice sheets, improving our understanding of the Earth-system response to climate change.

Date: 2025
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DOI: 10.1038/s41586-025-08769-7

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