Near-field photon entanglement in total angular momentum

Amit Kam, Shai Tsesses, Yigal Ilin, Kobi Cohen, Yaakov Lumer, Lior Fridman, Stav Lotan, Anatoly Patsyk, Liat Nemirovsky-Levy, Meir Orenstein, Mordechai Segev and Guy Bartal ()
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Amit Kam: Technion – Israel Institute of Technology
Shai Tsesses: Technion – Israel Institute of Technology
Yigal Ilin: Technion – Israel Institute of Technology
Kobi Cohen: Technion – Israel Institute of Technology
Yaakov Lumer: Technion – Israel Institute of Technology
Lior Fridman: Technion – Israel Institute of Technology
Stav Lotan: Technion – Israel Institute of Technology
Anatoly Patsyk: Technion – Israel Institute of Technology
Liat Nemirovsky-Levy: Technion – Israel Institute of Technology
Meir Orenstein: Technion – Israel Institute of Technology
Mordechai Segev: Technion – Israel Institute of Technology
Guy Bartal: Technion – Israel Institute of Technology

Nature, 2025, vol. 640, issue 8059, 634-640

Abstract: Abstract Photons can carry angular momentum, which is conventionally attributed to two constituents—spin angular momentum (SAM), which is an intrinsic property related to the polarization, and orbital angular momentum (OAM), which is related to the photon spatial distribution. In paraxial optics, these two forms of angular momentum are separable1, such that entanglement can be induced between the SAM and the OAM of a single photon2,3 or of different photons in a multi-photon state4. In nanophotonic systems, however, the SAM and the OAM of a photon are inseparable5,6, so only the total angular momentum (TAM) serves as a good quantum number7–9. Here we present the observation of non-classical correlations between two photons in the near-field regime, giving rise to entanglement related to the TAM. We entangle those nanophotonic states by coupling photon pairs to plasmonic modes and use quantum imaging techniques10,11 to measure their correlations. We observe that entanglement in TAM leads to a completely different structure of quantum correlations of photon pairs, compared with entanglement related to the two constituent angular momenta. This work paves the way for on-chip quantum information processing using the TAM of photons as the encoding property for quantum information.

Date: 2025
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DOI: 10.1038/s41586-025-08761-1

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