Emergence of Calabi–Yau manifolds in high-precision black-hole scattering

Mathias Driesse, Gustav Uhre Jakobsen, Albrecht Klemm, Gustav Mogull, Christoph Nega, Jan Plefka (), Benjamin Sauer and Johann Usovitsch
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Mathias Driesse: Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin
Gustav Uhre Jakobsen: Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin
Albrecht Klemm: Universität Bonn
Gustav Mogull: Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin
Christoph Nega: Technische Universität München
Jan Plefka: Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin
Benjamin Sauer: Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin
Johann Usovitsch: Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin

Nature, 2025, vol. 641, issue 8063, 603-607

Abstract: Abstract When two massive objects (black holes, neutron stars or stars) in our universe fly past each other, their gravitational interactions deflect their trajectories1,2. The gravitational waves emitted in the related bound-orbit system—the binary inspiral—are now routinely detected by gravitational-wave observatories3. Theoretical physics needs to provide high-precision templates to make use of unprecedented sensitivity and precision of the data from upcoming gravitational-wave observatories4. Motivated by this challenge, several analytical and numerical techniques have been developed to approximately solve this gravitational two-body problem. Although numerical relativity is accurate5–7, it is too time-consuming to rapidly produce large numbers of gravitational-wave templates. For this, approximate analytical results are also required8–15. Here we report on a new, highest-precision analytical result for the scattering angle, radiated energy and recoil of a black hole or neutron star scattering encounter at the fifth order in Newton’s gravitational coupling G, assuming a hierarchy in the two masses. This is achieved by modifying state-of-the-art techniques for the scattering of elementary particles in colliders to this classical physics problem in our universe. Our results show that mathematical functions related to Calabi–Yau (CY) manifolds, 2n-dimensional generalizations of tori, appear in the solution to the radiated energy in these scatterings. We anticipate that our analytical results will allow the development of a new generation of gravitational-wave models, for which the transition to the bound-state problem through analytic continuation and strong-field resummation will need to be performed.

Date: 2025
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DOI: 10.1038/s41586-025-08984-2

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