Large gas inflow driven by a matured galactic bar in the early Universe

Shuo Huang (), Ryohei Kawabe, Hideki Umehata, Kotaro Kohno, Yoichi Tamura and Toshiki Saito
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Shuo Huang: National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, Mitaka
Ryohei Kawabe: National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, Mitaka
Hideki Umehata: Nagoya University
Kotaro Kohno: University of Tokyo, Mitaka
Yoichi Tamura: Nagoya University
Toshiki Saito: Shizuoka University

Nature, 2025, vol. 641, issue 8064, 861-865

Abstract: Abstract Bar structures are present in about half of local disk galaxies1 and play pivotal roles in secular galaxy evolution. Bars impose a non-axisymmetric perturbation on the rotating disk and transport gas inwards to feed the central starburst and, possibly, the activity of the nuclear supermassive black hole2. They are believed to be long-lived structures3,4 and are now identified at redshift z > 2 (refs. 5,6). However, little is known about the onset and effects of bars in the early cosmic epoch because the spectroscopy of distant bars at sufficient resolution is prohibitively expensive. Here we report on a kinematic study of a galactic bar at redshift 2.467, 2.6 billion years after the Big Bang. We observed the carbon monoxide and atomic carbon emission lines of the dusty star-forming galaxy J0107a and found the bar of J0107a has gas distribution and motion in a pattern identical to local bars7–9. At the same time, the bar drives large-scale non-circular motions that dominate over disk rotation, funnelling molecular gas into its centre at a rate of approximately 600 solar masses per year. Our results show that bar-driven dynamical processes and secular evolution were already at play 11.1 billion years ago, powering active star formation amid the gas-rich and far-infrared luminous growth phase in a massive disk galaxy.

Date: 2025
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DOI: 10.1038/s41586-025-08914-2

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