Optical nonlinearities in excess of 500 through sublattice reconstruction

Jiaye Chen, Chang Liu, Shibo Xi, Shengdong Tan, Qian He, Liangliang Liang () and Xiaogang Liu ()
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Jiaye Chen: National University of Singapore
Chang Liu: Xiamen University
Shibo Xi: Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR)
Shengdong Tan: National University of Singapore
Qian He: National University of Singapore
Liangliang Liang: Xiamen University
Xiaogang Liu: National University of Singapore

Nature, 2025, vol. 643, issue 8072, 669-674

Abstract: Abstract The ability of materials to respond to stimuli with significant optical nonlinearity is crucial for technological advancement and innovation1–3. Although photon-avalanche upconversion nanomaterials with nonlinearities exceeding 60 have been developed, further enhancement remains challenging4–6. Here we present a method to increase photon-avalanche nonlinearity beyond 500 by reconstructing the sublattice and extending the avalanche network. We demonstrate that lutetium substitution in the host material induces significant local crystal field distortions. These distortions strengthen cross-relaxation, the key process governing population accumulation. As a result, the optical nonlinearity is significantly amplified, enabling sub-diffraction imaging through single-beam scanning microscopy, achieving lateral and axial resolutions of 33 nm (about 1/32 of λExc) and 80 nm (around 1/13 of λExc), respectively (where λExc is the excitation wavelength). Moreover, our research shows regional differentiation within photon-avalanche nanocrystals, in which photon-avalanche performance varies across different regions at the single-nanoparticle level. This effect, coupled with extreme optical nonlinearity, enables visualization of nanoemitters at resolutions beyond their physical size using simple instrumentation. These advancements open new possibilities for super-resolution imaging, ultra-sensitive sensing, on-chip optical switching and infrared quantum counting.

Date: 2025
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DOI: 10.1038/s41586-025-09164-y

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