Bending the curve of land degradation to achieve global environmental goals

Fernando T. Maestre (), Emilio Guirado, Dolors Armenteras, Hylke E. Beck, Mashael Saud AlShalan, Noura Turki Al-Saud, Ralph Chami, Bojie Fu, Helene Gichenje, Elisabeth Huber-Sannwald, Chinwe Ifejika Speranza, Jaime Martínez-Valderrama, Matthew F. McCabe, Barron J. Orr, Ting Tang, Graciela Metternicht, Michael Miess, James F. Reynolds, Lindsay C. Stringer, Yoshihide Wada and Carlos M. Duarte
Additional contact information
Fernando T. Maestre: King Abdullah University of Science and Technology
Emilio Guirado: King Abdullah University of Science and Technology
Dolors Armenteras: Universidad Nacional de Colombia
Hylke E. Beck: King Abdullah University of Science and Technology
Mashael Saud AlShalan: Aeon Collective
Noura Turki Al-Saud: Aeon Collective
Ralph Chami: Blue Green Future LLC
Bojie Fu: Chinese Academy of Sciences
Helene Gichenje: Independent Consultant
Elisabeth Huber-Sannwald: Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica A.C.
Chinwe Ifejika Speranza: University of Bern
Jaime Martínez-Valderrama: CSIC
Matthew F. McCabe: King Abdullah University of Science and Technology
Barron J. Orr: United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification
Ting Tang: King Abdullah University of Science and Technology
Graciela Metternicht: Western Sydney University
Michael Miess: King Abdullah University of Science and Technology
James F. Reynolds: Duke University
Lindsay C. Stringer: University of York
Yoshihide Wada: King Abdullah University of Science and Technology
Carlos M. Duarte: King Abdullah University of Science and Technology

Nature, 2025, vol. 644, issue 8076, 347-355

Abstract: Abstract Land has a vital role in sustaining human communities, nurturing diverse ecosystems and regulating the climate of our planet. As such, current rates of land degradation pose a major environmental and socioeconomic threat, driving climate change, biodiversity loss and social crises. Preventing and reversing land degradation are key objectives of the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification and are also fundamental for the other two Rio Conventions: the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Convention on Biological Diversity. Here we argue that the targets of these conventions can only be met by ‘bending the curve’ of land degradation and that transforming food systems is fundamental for doing so. We showcase multiple actions for tackling land degradation that also yield climate and biodiversity benefits while fostering sustainable food systems that contribute to avoiding the risk of a global food crisis. We also propose ambitious 2050 targets for the three Rio Conventions related to land and food systems. Finally, we urge collective action to acknowledge the pivotal role of land in achieving the goals of the Rio Conventions and to embed food systems within intergovernmental agreements, enabling decisive progress on the complex and interconnected global crises that we face.

Date: 2025
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DOI: 10.1038/s41586-025-09365-5

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