Adaptive and context-aware volumetric printing

Sammy Florczak, Gabriel Größbacher, Davide Ribezzi, Alessia Longoni, Marième Gueye, Estée Grandidier, Jos Malda and Riccardo Levato ()
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Sammy Florczak: Utrecht University
Gabriel Größbacher: Utrecht University
Davide Ribezzi: Utrecht University
Alessia Longoni: Utrecht University
Marième Gueye: Utrecht University
Estée Grandidier: Utrecht University
Jos Malda: Utrecht University
Riccardo Levato: Utrecht University

Nature, 2025, vol. 645, issue 8079, 108-114

Abstract: Abstract We introduce Generative, Adaptive, Context-Aware 3D Printing (GRACE), a new approach combining 3D imaging, computer vision and parametric modelling to create tailored, context-aware geometries using volumetric additive manufacturing. GRACE rapidly and automatically generates complex structures capable of conforming directly around features ranging from cellular to macroscopic scales with minimal user intervention. Here we demonstrate its versatility in applications ranging from synthetic objects to biofabrication, including adaptive vascular-like geometries around cell-laden bioinks, resulting in improved functionality. GRACE also enables precise alignment of sequential prints, as well as the detection and overprinting of opaque surfaces through shadow correction. Compatible with various printing modalities1–4, GRACE transcends traditional additive manufacturing limitations in automating overprinting and adapting the printed designs to the content of the printable material. This opens new possibilities in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.

Date: 2025
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DOI: 10.1038/s41586-025-09436-7

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