Robot-assisted mapping of chemical reaction hyperspaces and networks

Yankai Jia, Rafał Frydrych, Yaroslav I. Sobolev, Wai-Shing Wong, Bibek Prajapati, Daniel Matuszczyk, Yasemin Bilgi, Louis Gadina, Juan Carlos Ahumada, Galymzhan Moldagulov, Namhun Kim, Eric S. Larsen, Maxence Deschamps, Yanqiu Jiang () and Bartosz A. Grzybowski ()
Additional contact information
Yankai Jia: Institute for Basic Science (IBS)
Rafał Frydrych: Institute for Basic Science (IBS)
Yaroslav I. Sobolev: Institute for Basic Science (IBS)
Wai-Shing Wong: Institute for Basic Science (IBS)
Bibek Prajapati: Institute for Basic Science (IBS)
Daniel Matuszczyk: Institute for Basic Science (IBS)
Yasemin Bilgi: Institute for Basic Science (IBS)
Louis Gadina: Institute for Basic Science (IBS)
Juan Carlos Ahumada: Institute for Basic Science (IBS)
Galymzhan Moldagulov: Institute for Basic Science (IBS)
Namhun Kim: Institute for Basic Science (IBS)
Eric S. Larsen: Institute for Basic Science (IBS)
Maxence Deschamps: Institute for Basic Science (IBS)
Yanqiu Jiang: Institute for Basic Science (IBS)
Bartosz A. Grzybowski: Institute for Basic Science (IBS)

Nature, 2025, vol. 645, issue 8082, 922-931

Abstract: Abstract Despite decades of investigation, it remains unclear (and hard to predict1–4) how the outcomes of chemical reactions change over multidimensional ‘hyperspaces’ defined by reaction conditions5. Whereas human chemists can explore only a limited subset of these manifolds, automated platforms6–12 can generate thousands of reactions in parallel. Yet, purification and yield quantification remain bottlenecks, constrained by time-consuming and resource-intensive analytical techniques. As a result, our understanding of reaction hyperspaces remains fragmentary7,9,13–16. Are yield distributions smooth or corrugated? Do they conceal mechanistically new reactions? Can major products vary across different regions? Here, to address these questions, we developed a low-cost robotic platform using primarily optical detection to quantify yields of products and by-products at unprecedented throughput and minimal cost per condition. Scanning hyperspaces across thousands of conditions, we find and prove mathematically that, for continuous variables (concentrations, temperatures), individual yield distributions are generally slow-varying. At the same time, we uncover hyperspace regions of unexpected reactivity as well as switchovers between major products. Moreover, by systematically surveying substrate proportions, we reconstruct underlying reaction networks and expose hidden intermediates and products—even in reactions studied for well over a century. This hyperspace-scanning approach provides a versatile and scalable framework for reaction optimization and discovery. Crucially, it can help identify conditions under which complex mixtures can be driven cleanly towards different major products, thereby expanding synthetic diversity while reducing chemical input requirements.

Date: 2025
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DOI: 10.1038/s41586-025-09490-1

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