A ductile chromium–molybdenum alloy resistant to high-temperature oxidation

Frauke Hinrichs, Georg Winkens, Lena Katharina Kramer, Gabriely Falcão, Ewa M. Hahn, Daniel Schliephake, Michael Konrad Eusterholz, Sandipan Sen, Mathias Christian Galetz, Haruyuki Inui, Alexander Kauffmann () and Martin Heilmaier
Additional contact information
Frauke Hinrichs: Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
Georg Winkens: Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
Lena Katharina Kramer: Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
Gabriely Falcão: Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
Ewa M. Hahn: Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
Daniel Schliephake: Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
Michael Konrad Eusterholz: Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
Sandipan Sen: Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
Mathias Christian Galetz: DECHEMA-Forschungsinstitut
Haruyuki Inui: Kyoto University
Alexander Kauffmann: Ruhr University Bochum (RUB)
Martin Heilmaier: Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)

Nature, 2025, vol. 646, issue 8084, 331-337

Abstract: Abstract Even with the rapid development of renewable energy sources, improving the efficiency of energy conversion from fossil or synthetic fuels remains a challenge because, for example, combustion engines in long-range aircraft will still be needed in the upcoming decades1. Increasing their operating temperatures (1,050–1,150 °C (refs. 2–4)) is one option. This requires replacing single-crystalline Ni-based superalloys in the hottest sections of turbines by refractory-element-based materials, which exhibit much higher solidus temperatures beyond 2,000 °C (refs. 5–7). Here we introduce a single-phase Cr-36.1Mo-3Si (at.%) alloy that meets, for the first time, to our knowledge, the most important critical requirements for refractory-element-based materials: (1) relevant resistance against pesting, nitridation and scale spallation at elevated temperatures, minimum up to 1,100 °C, and (2) sufficient compression ductility at room temperature. Although strength and creep resistance in such alloys were already superior to Ni-based superalloys in several cases, oxidation/corrosion resistance, mandatory to withstand the combustion atmosphere, and ductility/toughness, needed for damage tolerance and device setting, still pose barriers for the development or application of refractory-element-based candidate materials. Any previous successful attempts to address the otherwise catastrophic oxidation of Mo and nitridation of Cr during oxidation suffered from a loss in ductility at ambient temperatures.

Date: 2025
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DOI: 10.1038/s41586-025-09516-8

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