Fiscal Influences on Inflation in OECD Countries, 2020–2023

Robert J Barro and Francesco Bianchi

The Economic Journal, 2026, vol. 136, issue 674, 626-654

Abstract: The fiscal theory of the price level has been active for thirty years, and the interest in this theory grew with the recent global surges in inflation and government spending. A related idea from Lucas and Stokey is that inflation during wartime (or an analogous global emergency such as the COVID pandemic) can be an efficient form of state-contingent public finance. This study applies these ideas to the recent inflation in thirty-seven Organisation of Economic Co-operation and Development countries. The theory’s centrepiece is the government’s intertemporal budget constraint, which relates a country’s inflation rate in 2020–3 to a composite government-spending variable. This variable equals the increases in ratios of government expenditure to gross domestic product in 2020 and 2021, divided by the ratio of public debt to gross domestic product in 2019 and the duration of the debt in 2019. The estimated coefficients of this variable are significantly positive, implying that about 80% of effective government financing came from the inverse effect of unexpected inflation on the real value of public debt, whereas only around 20% reflected conventional public finance (increases in current or future taxes or cuts in future spending). Within the Euro area, inflation reacts mostly to the area-wide composite government-spending variable, not to individual values.

Date: 2026
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