How time exposure, role engagement and task essence (“3E”) of volunteering interact to associate with healthy aging: a cross-sectional mixed-method study in Hong Kong

Shiyu Lu

The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, 2026, vol. 81, issue 1, gbaf214.

Abstract: ObjectivesThis study introduces the 3E framework of volunteering, including time exposure (e.g., volunteering hours), role engagement, and task essence (e.g., types of activities) and investigates how these dimensions and their interactions impact healthy aging outcomes in older adults.MethodsA mixed-methods cross-sectional study using purposive sampling was conducted in social care units with 457 participants aged 60 and older who volunteered at least one hour in the past year in Hong Kong (2024–2025), in addition to seven focus groups involving 46 older adults. Role engagement in volunteering was assessed using the adapted Chinese version of the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale.ResultsRole engagement (β = 0.92, p

Keywords: Volunteerism; Role quality; Civic participation (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2026
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