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Bail-Ins, Optimal Regulation, and Crisis Resolution

Christopher Clayton and Andreas Schaab

The Review of Financial Studies, 2025, vol. 38, issue 9, 2810-2843

Abstract: We develop a tractable dynamic contracting framework to study bank bail-in regimes. In the presence of a repeated monitoring problem, the optimal bank capital structure combines standard debt, which induces liquidation and provides strong incentives, and bail-in debt, which restores solvency but provides weaker incentives. Given fire sales, an optimal policy response entails joint regulation: a bail-in regime reduces standard debt while leverage regulation reduces total debt. Bail-ins replace bailouts as a recapitalization tool.

Date: 2025
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The Review of Financial Studies is currently edited by Itay Goldstein

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