Systematic comparison of software agents and Digital Twins: differences, similarities, and synergies in industrial production

Lasse M. Reinpold (), Lukas P. Wagner, Felix Gehlhoff, Malte Ramonat, Maximilian Kilthau, Milapji S. Gill, Jonathan T. Reif, Vincent Henkel, Lena Scholz and Alexander Fay
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Lasse M. Reinpold: Helmut Schmidt University/University of the Federal Armed Forces
Lukas P. Wagner: Helmut Schmidt University/University of the Federal Armed Forces
Felix Gehlhoff: Helmut Schmidt University/University of the Federal Armed Forces
Malte Ramonat: Helmut Schmidt University/University of the Federal Armed Forces
Maximilian Kilthau: Helmut Schmidt University/University of the Federal Armed Forces
Milapji S. Gill: Helmut Schmidt University/University of the Federal Armed Forces
Jonathan T. Reif: Helmut Schmidt University/University of the Federal Armed Forces
Vincent Henkel: Helmut Schmidt University/University of the Federal Armed Forces
Lena Scholz: Helmut Schmidt University/University of the Federal Armed Forces
Alexander Fay: Helmut Schmidt University/University of the Federal Armed Forces

Journal of Intelligent Manufacturing, 2025, vol. 36, issue 2, No 2, 765-800

Abstract: Abstract To achieve a highly agile and flexible production, a transformational shift is envisioned whereby industrial production systems evolve to be more decentralized, interconnected, and intelligent. Within this vision, production assets collaborate with each other, exhibiting a high degree of autonomy. Furthermore, information about individual production assets is accessible throughout their entire life-cycles. To realize this vision, the use of advanced information technology is required. Two commonly applied software paradigms in this context are Software Agents (referred to as Agents) and Digital Twins (DTs). This work presents a systematic comparison of Agents and DTs in industrial applications. The goal of the study is to determine the differences, similarities, and potential synergies between the two paradigms. The comparison is based on the purposes for which Agents and DTs are applied, the properties and capabilities exhibited by these software paradigms, and how they can be allocated within the Reference Architecture Model Industry 4.0. The comparison reveals that Agents are commonly employed in the collaborative planning and execution of production processes, while DTs are generally more applied to monitor production resources and process information. Although these observations imply characteristic sets of capabilities and properties for both Agents and DTs, a clear and definitive distinction between the two paradigms cannot be made. Instead, the analysis indicates that production assets utilizing a combination of Agents and DTs would demonstrate high degrees of intelligence, autonomy, sociability, and fidelity. To achieve this, further standardization is required, particularly in the field of DTs.

Keywords: Software Agent; Digital Twin; Industry 4.0; Production; Systematic comparison; PRISMA; RAMI 4.0 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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DOI: 10.1007/s10845-023-02278-y

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