International linkages and female share of employment: Plant-level evidence from a developing country

Chandra Putra, Mahmut Yasar, Ankita Agarwal, Bidisha Lahiri and Roderick M. Rejesus

The Journal of International Trade & Economic Development, 2025, vol. 34, issue 1, 213-236

Abstract: This paper examines the relationship between international linkages (i.e. exporting, importing, and foreign direct investment) and the share of skilled, unskilled, and total female workers employed in Indonesian manufacturing plants. We utilize plant-level panel data and estimation procedures that account for endogeneity and selection issues to achieve the study objective. Our analysis suggests that foreign ownership and exporting activities lead to a higher share of both skilled and unskilled female employment. However, these effects are more substantial for skilled female workers than for unskilled female workers. The results are robust to the use of different econometric methods and empirical specifications.

Date: 2025
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DOI: 10.1080/09638199.2024.2312230

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