Orthogonalized Kernel Debiased Machine Learning for Multimodal Data Analysis

Xiaowu Dai and Lexin Li

Journal of the American Statistical Association, 2023, vol. 118, issue 543, 1796-1810

Abstract: Multimodal imaging has transformed neuroscience research. While it presents unprecedented opportunities, it also imposes serious challenges. Particularly, it is difficult to combine the merits of the interpretability attributed to a simple association model with the flexibility achieved by a highly adaptive nonlinear model. In this article, we propose an orthogonalized kernel debiased machine learning approach, which is built upon the Neyman orthogonality and a form of decomposition orthogonality, for multimodal data analysis. We target the setting that naturally arises in almost all multimodal studies, where there is a primary modality of interest, plus additional auxiliary modalities. We establish the root-N-consistency and asymptotic normality of the estimated primary parameter, the semi-parametric estimation efficiency, and the asymptotic validity of the confidence band of the predicted primary modality effect. Our proposal enjoys, to a good extent, both model interpretability and model flexibility. It is also considerably different from the existing statistical methods for multimodal data integration, as well as the orthogonality-based methods for high-dimensional inferences. We demonstrate the efficacy of our method through both simulations and an application to a multimodal neuroimaging study of Alzheimer’s disease. Supplementary materials for this article are available online.

Date: 2023
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DOI: 10.1080/01621459.2021.2013851

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