Ethical management of risk: active shooters in higher education

Susan J. Lincke and Farida Khan

Journal of Risk Research, 2020, vol. 23, issue 12, 1562-1576

Abstract: This paper considers the response of higher educational institutions to the risk posed by active shooters. Such response is founded on risk management frameworks that determine expenditures incurred to reduce risk. We examine the principles on which such risk management may be based and show that the annual expenditures made by institutions will vary, depending on ethical values and how broadly organizational risk is understood. We derive an ethical risk maturity model and compare results of a quantitative risk analysis for each ethical maturity level, factoring in the relevant controls at each level. We also analyse a scenario via a qualitative analysis and Sandman’s outrage factor and evaluate several examples spent by various institutions within the framework of the model. We conclude that higher education would be well served to take a broad perspective of risk.

Date: 2020
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DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2019.1687575

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