System-level operational cyber risks identification in industrial control systems

Ayodeji O. Rotibi, Neetesh Saxena, Pete Burnap and Craig Read

Cyber-Physical Systems, 2025, vol. 11, issue 3, 265-296

Abstract: In Industrial Control Systems (ICS), where complex interdependencies abound, cyber incidents can have far-reaching consequences. Dependency modelling, a valuable technique for assessing cyber risks, aims to decipher relationships among variables. However, its effectiveness is often hampered by limited data exposure, hindering the analysis of direct and indirect impacts. We present a unique method that transforms dependency modelling data into a Bayesian Network (BN) structure and leverages causality and reasoning to extract inferences from seemingly unrelated events. Using operational ICS data, we confirm our method enables stakeholders to make better decisions about system security, stability, and reliability.

Date: 2025
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DOI: 10.1080/23335777.2024.2373388

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