Tracking control of the complex dynamic network with the second-order links and state observer

Haolin Li, Yinhe Wang, Yi Peng and Xiaoxi Wang

International Journal of Systems Science, 2026, vol. 57, issue 1, 148-166

Abstract: This paper views the complex dynamic network (CDN) as a large system comprising interconnected node subsystems (NS) and link subsystems (LS). The mathematical dynamic models of NS and LS are modelled using the differential equations with second-order derivatives based on Newton's second law of motion. Then, a motivation example is given to underscore the necessity for a state observer of LS. Accordingly, a robust state observer is proposed to estimate the unavailable state of LS, thereby contributing to synthesising the tracking control strategy for CDN. The proposed control strategy ensures that both NS and LS achieve tracking objectives, whose stability is proven by Lyapunov stability theory. Finally, the numerical simulation is provided to verify the effectiveness of the proposed state observer and control strategy.

Date: 2026
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DOI: 10.1080/00207721.2025.2491782

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