Color Helps Consumers Notice and Understand Contract Terms

Alessandro Romano, Amanda Rose and Chiara Sotis

The Journal of Legal Studies, 2026, vol. 55, issue 2, 511 - 544

Abstract: Consumers seldom read or understand the terms of online contracts, even when those terms are visible on-screen. Across three experiments we show that using color to highlight a target clause can markedly improve consumers’ visual recognition, unprompted understanding, and information-retrieval measures without decreasing their understanding of untreated clauses. By contrast, the prevailing approach of presenting a target clause in all capital letters is ineffective. A webcam eye-tracking study suggests that color may work by making the target clause visually distinctive—consistent with the isolation effect—without increasing reading time. However, we observe that color is less effective once multiple clauses are highlighted. These findings chart a practical route for strengthening conspicuousness standards in contract law.

Date: 2026
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