The Origin of the State: Land Productivity or Appropriability?

Joram Mayshar, Omer Moav and Luigi Pascali

Journal of Political Economy, 2022, vol. 130, issue 4, 1091 - 1144

Abstract: The conventional theory about the origin of the state is that the adoption of farming increased land productivity, which led to the production of food surplus. This surplus was a prerequisite for the emergence of tax-levying elites and, eventually, states. We challenge this theory and propose that hierarchy arose as a result of the shift to dependence on appropriable cereal grains. Our empirical investigation, utilizing multiple data sets spanning several millennia, demonstrates a causal effect of the cultivation of cereals on hierarchy, without finding a similar effect for land productivity. We further support our claims with several case studies.

Date: 2022
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