"Generate" the Future of Work through AI: Empirical Evidence from Online Labor Markets

Jin Liu, Xingchen Xu, Xi Nan, Yongjun Li and Yong Tan
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Jin Liu: University of Science and Technology of China
Xingchen Xu: University of Washington
Xi Nan: University of Washington
Yongjun Li: University of Science and Technology of China
Yong Tan: University of Washington

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Abstract: Large Language Model (LLM)-based generative AI systems, such as ChatGPT, demonstrate zero-shot learning capabilities across a wide range of downstream tasks. Owing to their general-purpose nature and potential to augment or even automate job functions, these systems are poised to reshape labor market dynamics. However, predicting their precise impact \textit{a priori} is challenging, given AI's simultaneous effects on both demand and supply, as well as the strategic responses of market participants. Leveraging an extensive dataset from a leading online labor platform, we document a pronounced displacement effect and an overall contraction in submarkets where required skills closely align with core LLM functionalities. Although demand and supply both decline, the reduction in supply is comparatively smaller, thereby intensifying competition among freelancers. Notably, further analysis shows that this heightened competition is especially pronounced in programming-intensive submarkets. This pattern is attributed to skill-transition effects: by lowering the human-capital barrier to programming, ChatGPT enables incumbent freelancers to enter programming tasks. Moreover, these transitions are not homogeneous, with high-skilled freelancers contributing disproportionately to the shift. Our findings illuminate the multifaceted impacts of general-purpose AI on labor markets, highlighting not only the displacement of certain occupations but also the inducement of skill transitions within the labor supply. These insights offer practical implications for policymakers, platform operators, and workers.

Date: 2023-08, Revised 2025-06
New Economics Papers: this item is included in nep-ain, nep-cna, nep-lma and nep-pay
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