Treatment Effect Heterogeneity in Regression Discontinuity Designs

Sebastian Calonico, Matias Cattaneo, Max Farrell, Filippo Palomba and Rocio Titiunik

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Abstract: Empirical studies using Regression Discontinuity (RD) designs often explore heterogeneous treatment effects based on pretreatment covariates. However, the lack of formal statistical methods has led to the widespread use of ad hoc approaches in applications. Motivated by common empirical practice, we develop a unified, theoretically grounded framework for RD heterogeneity analysis. We show that a fully interacted local linear (in functional parameters) model effectively captures heterogeneity while still being tractable and interpretable in applications. The model structure holds without loss of generality for discrete covariates, while for continuous covariates our proposed (local functional linear-in-parameters) model can be potentially restrictive, but it nonetheless naturally matches standard empirical practice and offers a causal interpretation for RD applications. We establish principled bandwidth selection and robust bias-corrected inference methods to analyze heterogeneous treatment effects and test group differences. We provide companion software to facilitate implementation of our results. An empirical application illustrates the practical relevance of our methods.

Date: 2025-03, Revised 2025-03
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