Critical misalignments in climate pledges reveal imbalanced sustainable development pathways

Francesca Larosa, Fermin Mallor, Alberto J. Conejero, Javier Garcia-Martinez, Francesco Fuso Nerini and Ricardo Vinuesa

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Abstract: We explore the integration of climate action and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in nationally determined contributions (NDCs), revealing persistent synergies and trade-offs across income groups. While high-income countries emphasize systemic challenges like health (SDG3) and inequality (SDG10), low-income nations prioritize the water-energy-food nexus (SDGs 6-7-12) and natural resource management (SDG15) due to vulnerabilities to climate impacts. Harnessing an innovative artificial intelligence routine, we discuss what these diverging development trajectories imply for the Paris Agreement and the 2030 Agenda for sustainable development in terms of global inequality, the climate and sustainable finance flows and multilateral governance.

Date: 2025-03
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