Walrasian equilibria are almost always finite in number

Sofia B. S. D. Castro and Peter B. Gothen

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Abstract: We show that in the context of exchange economies defined by aggregate excess demand functions on the full open price simplex, the generic economy has a finite number of equilibria. Genericicity is proved also for critical economies and, in both cases, in the strong sense that it holds for an open dense subset of economies in the Whitney topology. We use the concept of finite singularity type from singularity theory. This concept ensures that the number of equilibria of a map appear only in finite number. We then show that maps of finite singularity type make up an open and dense subset of all smooth maps and translate the result to the set of aggregate excess demand functions of an exchange economy. Along the way, we extend the classical results of Sonnenschein-Mantel-Debreu to aggregate excess demand functions defined on the full open price simplex, rather than just compact subsets of the simplex.

Date: 2025-10
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