Crypto-Microeconomics: The Distribution of Bitcoin Wealth Among Diverse Economic Agents

Syed Azhar Hussain, Kashif Ahmad and Mubashir Husain Rehmani

Papers from arXiv.org

Abstract: Bitcoin (BTC) wealth distribution is often analyzed with macro indicators such as aggregate addresses, wallet balances, prices, network activity, fees, and hashrate. This letter applies a Crypto-Microeconomic perspective to examine wealth concentration across five labeled economic-agent classes: Service, Abuse, Malware, Individuals, and Benign. Using descriptive statistics, inequality metrics, and longitudinal indicators, we show that Bitcoin wealth is highly concentrated across major classes. Service entities hold the largest share of observed BTC (75.15%), while Abuse controls a disproportionately large share relative to its entity count (24.26% of BTC vs. 3.53% of entities). Individuals, Abuse, and Service show near-maximal within-class inequality (e.g., Gini=0.9993 for Individuals), and time-series analysis indicates these patterns still exist. Overall, Bitcoin wealth among labeled economic agents remains structurally uneven and concentrated in a small subset of entities.

Date: 2026-07, Revised 2026-08
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